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Ap Biology > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is the big idea one

A

the process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life

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2
Q

Unity

A

all living things made of the same five basic molecules

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3
Q

The basic molecules

A

are individual subunits of larger molecules, they are referred to as monomers or building blocks

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4
Q

how do monomers gain their chemical properties

A

from the combination and arrangement of the functional groups on the exterior of the monomer

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5
Q

what are functional groups

A

small groups of atoms that confer specific chemical traits to anything they bond to

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6
Q

Hydroxyl group

A

(-OH) makes things polar and water soluble

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7
Q

Carboxyl group

A

(-COOH) makes things acid and water soluble

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8
Q

Phosphate groups

A

(-OPO3) energizes water and makes water soluble

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9
Q

Amino group

A

(NH2) makes things bases

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10
Q

Methyl group

A

(-CH3) makes things nonpolar and insoluble

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11
Q

What do water soluble functional groups have in common

A

oxygen

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12
Q

Big idea 2

A

biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, reproduce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis

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13
Q

monomers

A

molecular building blocks, small organic molecules joined together to form larger molecules

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14
Q

Macromolecules

A

monomers covalently bonded together form giant. Any large biological molecule made by fusing together monomers

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15
Q

Polymer

A

all the monomers are the same type in the giant molecule

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16
Q

Macromolecules examples

A

triglycerides

peptides (also polymer since made up of all amino acids)

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17
Q

all organic molecules must have

A

carbon and hydrogen

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18
Q

hydrocarbons

A

only C and H

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19
Q

Carbohydrates

A

have only C, H, and O

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20
Q

What inorganic compounds would you expect to find in you

A

CO2
H2O
NACL
HCL

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21
Q

Why carbon based life forms

A

carbon can bond to 4 other atoms
bonds are strong covalent
can form double bonds, rings, and chains

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22
Q

what happens to ionic molecules in aqueous solution

A

dissociate

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23
Q

Bond strength in order in living systems

A

covalent bond >ionic bond >hydrogen bond

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24
Q

All living things are made of

A

saccharides
lipids
proteins(polypeptides)
nucleotides

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25
Q

Saccharides

A 
sugars
made of monosaccharides
only carbohydrates
all have hydroxyl
most dissolve in water
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26
Q

monosaccharides

A

single monomer sugars

smallest unit of saccaharides

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27
Q

monosaccharide examples

A

gluctose
fructose
galactose

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28
Q

disaccharides

A

two monosaccarhides bonded together

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29
Q

disaccharide examples

A

sucrose- table sugar (glucose and fructose)

lactose

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30
Q

oligosaccahirdes

A

a few monosaccharides
part of glycoproteins or glycolipids
membrane receptors or identification markers

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31
Q

polysaccharides

A

many

different properties based on bonding patterns and chain shape or folding patterns

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32
Q

Polysaccharide examples

A

starch-
cellulose-
glycogen-

33
Q

hydroxl facing out v. in

A

facing out- soluble

in- insoluble

34
Q

lipids

A

macromolecules and grouped together due to hydrophobic nature

35
Q

triglycerides

A

one glycerol molecule bound to three fatty acids

36
Q

fats are usually solids mostly in

37
Q

oils are ususally liquids in —

38
Q

triglyceride structure

A

one glycerol bound to three fatty acid molecules

39
Q

glycerol

A

an alcohol that binds up to three monomers

40
Q

fatty acids

A

hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group on one end

41
Q

fat

A

made of saturated fatty acids
no double bonds( full of H)
packed tightly so dense and solid

42
Q

oil

A

one or more unsaturated fatty acid
not enough H to take up all bonds
double bonds make chain bend
do not pack well, less dense, liquid

43
Q

How are trans fatty acids made

A

made by adding hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids

partially hydrogenated oils,makes oils more solid, creates trans shaped double bonds

44
Q

what is the side effects for trans fatty acids

A

implicated in atherosclerosis ( plaque deposits in blood vessels)and an increased risk of heart attack and stroke and upsets cholesterol levels

45
Q

can our bodies make fatty acids

A

no so we must eat them

46
Q

examples of fatty acids we need

A

omega 3, not enough, omega 6, more than enough

47
Q

sources of fatty acids

A

fish, vegetables, oils

48
Q

steroids

A

made of 4 fused carbon rings with different functional groups attached

49
Q

phospholipids

A

glyerol bonds with 2 fatty acids and one phosphate

50
Q

fatty acid tails for phospholipis are

A

hydrophobic

51
Q

phosphate/ glycerol head for phospholipids are

A

hydrophilic

52
Q

phospholipids are blank towards water

A

amphipathic, like and fear water, one end likes the other fears

53
Q

waxes

A

long chains of fatty acids tightly packed to long chain alcohol or carbon rings, repel water

54
Q

proteins (polypeptides)

A

polymers made of amino acid monomers

55
Q

in proteins, each amino acid is a carbon bonded to a

A

amino group
carboxyl group
hydrogen
and one of the 20 r groups

56
Q

r groups give the amino acids

A

characteristics (polar or non, acidic neg charge or basic plus charge)

57
Q

levels of protein structure 1*

A

chain of aa

58
Q

levels of protein structure 2*

A

chain of aa folds over on itself and sticks due to h bonds

59
Q

levels of protein structure 3*

A

3D shape due to disulfide bonds

60
Q

levels of protein structure 4*

A

> one chain of aa bonded together

61
Q

denaturation of proteins

A

3D shape of protein altered
protein no longer functions properly,
h bonds and disulfide bonds are broken

62
Q

What are largest monomer made of 3 different groups/monomers

A

neucleotides

63
Q

nucleotides made of

A

a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
a phosphate group
a nitrogen base (A,T,G,C,or U)

64
Q

nucleotides can function alone as

A

coenzymes that transfer electron or H+

ATP

65
Q

nucleotides can form

A

polymers called nucleic acid (DNA/RNA)

66
Q

nucleic acids

A

polymers of many nucleotides- covalently bonded into chains

67
Q

DNA

A

made of nucleotides with the sugar deoxyribose

68
Q

RBA

A

made of nucleotides with the sugar ribose

69
Q

types of chemical reactions

A 
functional group transfer
electron transfer (redeox reaction)
rearrangement of atoms
condensation dehydration reaction
hydrolysis reaction
70
Q

condensation dehydration reaction

A 
remove water ( in form of H from one molecule and OH from the other)
in order to stick two molecules together
71
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

using water to break two molecules apart, put water in form of H and Oh back in

72
Q

starch-

A

starch-plant glucose storage

73
Q

cellulose-

A

plant cell walls/ fiber

74
Q

glycogen-

A

animal glucose storage

75
Q

wax examples

A

beeswax or plant cuticle

76
Q

proteins make

A

makes enzymes, hormones, muscle

77
Q

peptide bond

A

bond between amino acids

78
Q

Most important steroid

A

Cholesterol

79
Q

Cholesterol

A

Animal and cell membranes, precursor for steroid hormones,vitamin d and bile salts

Ap Biology (33 decks)

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