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Ap Biology > Ecology > Flashcards

Ecology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Population

A

all individuals of 1 species in area

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2
Q

Population density

A

number per area

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3
Q

Clumped

A

most common,
group around resources
social behavior
lack of offspring dispersal

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4
Q

Uniform (or close enough)

A

territory division

fairly uniform resources

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5
Q

Random

A

rare
uniform resources
ignore each other

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6
Q

Which of the distribution patterns could result in limiting population size?

A

uniform?

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7
Q

Population Size Estimates

A

full count
Quadrats
Transects
Mark-recapture

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8
Q

Mark-recapture based on assumption

A

percent of recaptured individuals that are marked..same as

the percent of the total population that is marked

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9
Q

mark recapture steps

A

day 1 capture organisms & mark them

day 2 capture organisms & see what percentage of the organisms are marked

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10
Q

mark recapture calculation

A

day 2 marked divided by day 2 total

equals day 1 marked over total populatin

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11
Q

positive population growth

A

birth and immigration

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12
Q

negative population growth

A

death and emigration

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13
Q

Zero population growth (ZPG) :

A

deaths = births

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14
Q

Migration :

A

periodic change w/ seasons

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15
Q

Population growth (dN/dt) =

A

births – deaths
where
d indicates change
N is the number of individuals, t is time

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16
Q

R=

A

r = net reproduction per capita per unit time

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17
Q

N=

A

N = number of individuals in population

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18
Q

population growth rate=

A

rate = r x N

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19
Q

High r….

A

have lots of babies fast, few deaths

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20
Q

High N……

A

large populations grow faster

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21
Q

exponential growth

A

population grows at a rate proportional to its size

  a) r remains constant
  b) ideal conditions allow max r
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22
Q

Biotic potential

A

: max r for a population

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23
Q

Logistic Population Growth

A

Exponential Growth slowed

remains constant wavering a little above and below line, steady

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24
Q

Exponential Growth slowed by

A

Density dependent limiting factors
predation parasites, disease
limited resources, competition

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25
Q

density independant factors

A

weather, natural disasters, humans

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26
Q

Carrying capacity =

A

Max # individuals an area can support indefinitely (D)

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27
Q

Life history patterns:

A

adaptations that influence survival, reproduction & population size

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28
Q

Reproduction Requires Energy

A

Amount of available energy affects reproductive rates and success
Seasonal reproduction timed to match resource availability
Reproductive strategies match environment to maximize repro success

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29
Q

r-selected

A

favor low pop density (d independent)
quick production of many small babies
high biotic potential so called r-selected

30
Q

K-selected

A

k=carrying capacity
favor high pop density (d dependent)
good competitors
low biotic potential & high parental care

31
Q

Unstable/changing environments effect on reproduction

A

can show more rapid evolution
can select different traits each generation
mature quickly and have lots of babies
r-selected

32
Q

stable environments affect on reproduction

A

longer life span slower to mature
produce fewer offspring
more efficient use of E
K-selected

33
Q

3 categories of individuals

A

pre-reproductive (base)

  • reproductive (center)
  • post-reproductive (top)
34
Q

Fast growth =

A

wide shape

traingle

35
Q

Slow growth =

A

narrow shape, very slow growing triangle

36
Q

ZPG =

A

straight at bottom, narrows at top

37
Q

Negative growth =

A

bottom & top more narrow than center

38
Q

Species richness

A

different species

39
Q

species richness determined by

A 
abiotic factors
food supply
evolutionary history
species interactions
physical disturbances (frequency)
40
Q

species richness highest in

A

tropics, high primary productivity

old stable ecosystem

41
Q

Niche =

A

role in ecosystem - all activites & interactions

42
Q

Fundamental niche =

A

niche it would fill if not limited by competition

43
Q

Realized niche =

A

actual role played,
area covered,
food used etc

44
Q

interspecific interactions

A

between species

45
Q

intraspecific interactions

A

within species, competition, mates, social

46
Q

obligatory interactions

A

needed for survival

47
Q

facultative interactions

A

helpful but not necessary

48
Q

Interference Competition =

`

A

one species blocks access of

another species to some resource

49
Q

Exploitative Competition =

A

one species is better at using the resource

so gets more

50
Q

Competitive Exclusion Theory

A

2 species that use identical resources (identical niche)…
can not coexist indefinitely
One species will go extinct in that area

51
Q

Gause

A

studied Paramecium sp.

showed competitive exclusion

52
Q

Resource Partitioning =

A

subdividing resources to allow species to coexist

53
Q

predation

A

(+,-) One predator kills and eats

more than one prey organism

54
Q

parasitoid

A

(+,-) One parasitoid kills and eats

one host organism.

55
Q

herbivory

A

(+,-)herbivore eats plant

56
Q

Symbiotic Relationships

A 
Organisms live closley together
Names end in –ism
Parasitism
Mutualism
Commensalism
57
Q

parasitism

A

(+,-) Many parasites feed on

one host organism….try not to kill host

58
Q

mutualism

A

(+,+) symbiotic relationship where both benefit

59
Q

commensalism

A

(+,0) one organism benefits the other is not affected

60
Q

Co-evolution predator prey

A

: joint evolution of 2 species that exert selective pressure on each other
Lynx & Snowshoe hare
also common w/ mutualisms

61
Q

Adaptations:

A

inherited genetic traits that improve an organism’s fitness

62
Q

Adaptations Can help

A

Help plants avoid being eaten
Help predators capture prey
Help prey avoid predators
Match organisms to their habitat

63
Q

Cryptic Coloration

A

Camouflage color
Camouflage shape
Camouflage behavior

64
Q

Chemical Defense

A

smell, taste, poison, venom

65
Q

Aposematic Coloration

A

Warning color
Red/orange- birds
Black & some bright color (contrast for mammals like dogs)

66
Q

Mimicry

A

Organism looks/behaves like a different organism

67
Q

Batesian Mimicry

A

A harmless/defenseless mimic

looks like a dangerous model

68
Q

mullerian mimicry

A

Two dangerous/bad-tasting organisms mimic each-other

69
Q

Cleaner Wrasse Mimic

A

Harmful predator/parasite mimics harmless model

70
Q

physical defense

A

Armor/Shell/Spines
Teeth/Claws
Speed/Size

Ap Biology (33 decks)

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