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Ap Biology > Energy cycles > Flashcards

Energy cycles Flashcards

1
Q

energy flow of earth

A

The Earth is an open system to energy
Energy flows in as solar radiation
Energy leaves as Infra-red radiation (heat)

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2
Q

food webs show

A

the flow of energy through living things

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3
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

Photoautotrophs convert light energy and; inorganic C (CO2) into chemical energy in organic compounds

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4
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

break down organic chemicals to release energy to make ATP

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5
Q

Energy conversions

A

pass energy from one organism to another

Every conversion loses some energy as heat

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6
Q

Plants capture solar energy using

A

pigments

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7
Q

Different pigments use different

A

wavelengths of light

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8
Q

wavelengths of light

A

violet/blue and red light best

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9
Q

Chlorophyll b absorbs

A

blue and orange

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10
Q

Carotenoids absorb

A

violet, blue & green

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11
Q

how much of the visible light that strikes plants is captured

A

one percent visible light

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12
Q

Primary Productivity:

A

the amount of light E converted to chemical E in form of organic compounds per unit of time

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13
Q

GPP

A

Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)= TOTAL

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14
Q

NPP

A

Net Primary Productivity (NPP) = Total - Ra
NPP usually about ½ of GPP
(Amount of energy for herbivore)

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15
Q

Ra

A

Ra= autotroph

respiration

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16
Q

Calculating Productivity, GPP measured as

A

Biomass produced/area/time (g/m/year) or as oxygen produced

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17
Q

Calculating Productivity, Ra measured by

A

how much oxygen is consumed by cellular respiration

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18
Q

assimilation

A

Assimilation = (Ingestion - Excretion)

How much energy gets into body

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19
Q

efficiency

plant v animal material

A

15-50% of the food is plant material

60-90% of the food is animal material

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20
Q

Much of the energy assimilated is used to produce

A

ATP

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21
Q

what can by hydrolyzed as an energy source

A

carbs, lipids & proteins

22
Q

how much of energy consumed is stored in animals and how much is available to next trophic level

A

Only 10% of energy consumed is stored in animals body

and Only 10% of consumed energy is available to next trophic level

23
Q

food chains are limited to how many trophic levels

24
Q

smaller body mass=

A

higher metabolic rate: more E use

25
Q

Extra energy used to

A
  1. grow / store energy
  2. reproduce (repro season matches energy availability)
  3. maintain body temp (endotherms)
26
Q

. Energy deficit =

A

weight loss and death

27
Q

nitrogen cycles

A

Nitrifying bacteria convert NH4+/NH3 to nitrates/nitrites
Plants assimilate N compounds from soil/water
. Animals ingest N compounds in their food
waste & dead animals/plants return N to soil/water
. Denitrifying bacteria return N to atmosphere

28
Q

fixing n bacteria

A

Atmospheric N2 only used by N-fixing bacteria
bacteria ‘fix’ N make it usable to other organisms
1. Add H to N to make it ammonium/ ammonia
2. added to soil or water
3. produced in root nodules of legumes

29
Q

what can add/remove N to/from atmosphere

30
Q

nitrogen is used by organisms to

A

build proteins & nucleic acids

31
Q

. Enrichment

A

too much N in ecosystem (water)

  1. industrial nitrogen fixation : fertilizer (artificial)  production
  2. concentrated animal waste: stock yards/farms
32
Q

N in water causes

A

algal blooms

  1. algae cover surface of water and block light
  2. benthic (lives on bottom) organisms die
  3. decomposition depletes oxygen
33
Q

phosphorous cycle

A

Phosphorous erodes out of rock
B. Plants assimilate P
C. Animals ingest P
D. Decomposition returns P to soil/water
E. P in nucleotides proteins and lipids
F. Returned to sedimentary rock by deposition

34
Q

human impact on phosphorous cycle

A

enrichment by fertilizer use

35
Q

human impact on nitrogen cycle

A

enrichment
nitrogen in water
Eutrophication/ dead zones

36
Q

carbon is used to

A

build carbs, proteins, lipids & nucleic acids

it is used in storage compounds and cell formation of all organisms

37
Q

human impact on water cycle

A

salination:
Irrigation with saline ground water
replacing native shrubs with crops
Ingress of sea water

38
Q

salination

A

water evaporation/ absorption leaves salt behind

39
Q

replacing native shrubs with crops

A

reduces evapotransporation
rain water seeps down to clay & runs to low spots
collects salt as it runs to low spots

40
Q

Ingress of sea water

A

. removal of fresh ground water lowers water table

water table below sea level lets salt water in

41
Q

living systems depend on water properties because

A 
polarity   &  hydrogen bonding
i. adhesion & cohesion
ii. Hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions
iii. Universal solvent – cytoplasm, interstitial fluids
high specific heat
42
Q

What keep plants from getting sunburned

A

Carotenoids

43
Q

Energy system for matter

A

Closed

Open for energy

44
Q

To “fix” something

A

Take it from inorganic form and make it usable by other organisms

45
Q

N- fixing bacteria

A

Take N2 out of atmosphere and add H to it to make it into ammonium or ammonia. Fixes it for other organisms

46
Q

Nitrifying bacteria

A

Convert Nitrogen from ammonia to nitrates/nitrites by removing H and adding O2

47
Q

Denitrifying bacteria

A

Return N to atmosphere by breaking down organic material/ decomposing

48
Q

Nitrogen in plants is in

A

Proteins (amino acids)

Nucleus acids

49
Q

What are the limiting factors on plant growth

A

Nitrogen and phosphorous

50
Q

Elemental nitrogen

A

N2 in atmosphere

51
Q

Phosphorous in plants

A

Nucleus acid
Phospholipids
Proteins

Ap Biology (33 decks)

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