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Ap Biology > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

external defenses are specific or non specific?

A

all non specific

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2
Q

external defenses

A

skin- water proof layer dead cells
linings of body tubes/cavities
neutral/beneficial bacteria population

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3
Q

examples of linings of body tubes/cavities

A

1) sticky mucus w/ lysozyme enzymes
2) ciliated cells in resp. tract
3) stomach acid & bile salts
4) urine & vaginal low pH

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4
Q

internal defense types

A

innate immunity

acquired/adaptive immunity

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5
Q

innate immunity

A

present at birth, always present, all animals, non-specific

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6
Q

aquired/adaptive immunity

A

activated by microbes/antigens (very specific)

a) Require self-recognition (membrane proteins)
b) only present in Vertebrates

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7
Q

Antigens

A

any foreign molecule recognized by immune system

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8
Q

antigens examples

A

1) bacteria membrane proteins
2) parts of virus protein coat
3) oligosaccharides on transplanted cells

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9
Q

Phagocytes

A

cell that does phagocytosis (ingestion)

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10
Q

examples of Phagocytes

A
  1. endocytosis to take in and digest organic materials
  2. in immune system take in microbes
    (virus/bacteria) & digest them
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11
Q

MHC =

A

major histocompatibility molecules

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12
Q

major histocompatibility molecules

A

cell surface proteins display antigens
two types
warning flags to attract immune system

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13
Q

Class one MHC

A

display foreign peptides synthesized within the cell (cancer/virus) cell made it ITSELF and shouldnt have
found on most body cells

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14
Q

Class two MHC

A

display peptides broken off of microbes during phagocytosis

found on phagocytic cells & B cells

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15
Q

Helper–T cells

A

Type of white blood cell

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16
Q

Blood Cells – all start in

A

bone marrow

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17
Q

Leukocytes =

A

White Blood Cells
Lymphocytes phagocytes
and Erythrocytes

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18
Q

Lymphocytes

A

B cells and T cells

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19
Q

B cells mature in

A

bone marrow

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20
Q

T cells mature in

A

thymus gland

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21
Q

Erythrocytes=

A

red blood cells

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22
Q

red blood cells

A

1) anucleate in mammals
2) hemoglobin carries O2 and some CO2
3) flexible biconcave oval
4) form in bone marrow

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23
Q

Phagocytic cells (2 examples)

A

macrophages – largest

dendritic cells – activate acquired immunity

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24
Q

dendritic cells

A

a) digest pathogen into pieces
b) bind pathogen pieces to MHC receptors*
c) display pathogen on cell membrane
d) attract helper T cells*
e) helper T cells activate acquired imm. resp.

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25
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

NK cells vertebrate innate defense.

  1. Attack virus infected cells and cancer cells
  2. detects changes in cell membrane
  3. Produce signal molecules that cause apoptosis
26
Q

are NK cells MHC molecule receptors

A

NOT MHC molecule receptors…just detects changes in cell membrane

27
Q

Antimicrobial Proteins

A

warns neighbors of virus around
interferon ά and β
complement system = 30 serum proteins

28
Q

interferon ά and β

A

secreted by virus-infected cells

help neighboring cells inhibit viral reproduction

29
Q

complement system

A

microbe presence activates complement proteins
cascade of chem rxns lead to microbe lysis
plays a role in inflammation
also activated by acquired response

30
Q

inflammation process

A

Mast cells release histamine signal mol.
Histamine signals capillaries to
dilate and produce signal molecules to attract phagocytes/macrophages which secrete cytokines to promote blood flow

31
Q

Mast cells release histamine signal mol.

due to

A

Allergen, antigen or injury

32
Q

dialation in inflammation lets out more

A

clotting elements (block spread of microbes)
anti-microbial proteins (complement system)
and Phagocytes

33
Q

Histamines

A

released by mast cells

trigger capillaries to dilate

34
Q

Chemokines

A

released by capillaries

attract phagocytes

35
Q

Cytokines

A 
when released by macrophages
increase blood flow
when released by helper T
activate acquired immune resp.
cytokines activate acquired immune system
signal B-cells and cytotoxic-T cells
36
Q

Systemic Response

A

Widespread response
Increased WBC production
Fever
Septic shock

37
Q

fever facilitates

A

phagocytosis

38
Q

septic shock

A

bacterial infection causes high fever low blood pressure and may cause death

39
Q

aquired/adaptive immunity

A

Humoral Response

or Cell Mediated Response

40
Q

Cell Mediated Response

A

Cytotoxic T cells defends against:
infected cells
Cancer cells
Transplanted cells

41
Q

Humoral Response

A

B cells make antibodies in fluid (humor)

42
Q

antibodies

A

Proteins secreted by differentiated B-cells
(plasma cells)
Bind to specific antigen

43
Q

antibodies also called

A

Also called Immunoglobulins (Ig)

44
Q

humoral response process

A

B cell receptor binds to an antigen on microbe, pollen or transplanted cell

  1. B cell takes in antigen and presents it on MHC II surface protein to attract helper T cells
  2. Helper T binds to MHC-antigen complex and begins secreting cytokines
  3. cytokines induce mitosis in B cell to produce
    a. plasma cells
    b. memory B-cells
45
Q

cytokines induce mitosis in B cell to produce

A

plasma cells

memory B-cells

46
Q

Plasma cells

A

make antibodies specific to the antigen that their parent B-cell bound

47
Q

what do antibodies do?

A
  1. bind & clump viruses/bacteria
  2. precipitate antigens dissolved in fluid
  3. activate complement proteins
48
Q

Memory B-cells

A

stay in blood stream ready to become activated in secondary immune response.

49
Q

how does the first immune response compare to secondary response

A

the second immune response is larger (way more antibodies) and faster

50
Q

Cell Mediated Response fights `

A

cancer, infected cells, transplant cells

51
Q

Cell Mediated Response process

A

Class I MHC molecule displays antigens
that are synthesized inside affected cell
2. Cytotoxic Tcells bind to MHC-antigen complex
3. Binding makes cytotoxic Tcell secrete:
a. perforin
(protein, makes holes in membrane)
b. enzymes to digest the cell
c. signals to cause apoptosis

52
Q

in cell mediated response process, binding to cytotoxic cells makes t cell secrete

A

perforin (protein, makes holes in membrane)
enzymes to digest the cell
and signals to cause apoptosis

53
Q

Helper T cells Activate by

A

binding C-II MHC-antigen complex

on dendritic cells, macrophages, or B-cells

54
Q

helper t cells make cytokines to stimulate

A

cytotoxic T cells to become active
B cells to begin clonal selection…..
mitosis to produce plasma & memory cells
trigger helper t to start dividing

55
Q

Helper T clonal selection

A

Activated helper T does mitosis
1 clone divides to make many activated helper T cells
The other divides to make memory helper T cells

56
Q

Lymphocyte receptor diversity

A

millions of different b cells and t cells
When leukocytes differentiate into lymphocytes
Recombinase enzymes link 1 V gene segment to 1 J gene segment which makes tons of different receptors
all receptors on that cell the sam

57
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

Failure to remove self-reactive cells

lymphocyte receptors bind to bodies own cells

58
Q

help t cells process

A

Receptors bind to (antigens) displayed by MHC molecules

secretes signal molecules called cytokines which activate aquired immune response

59
Q

aquired immunity cells

A

b and t cells

60
Q

what are specific

A

aquired immune response
B and T cells
antibodies

61
Q

whats not specific

A

innate immune response
phagocytes- dendritic cells
natural killer cells
antimicrobial proteins

Ap Biology (33 decks)

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