Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Ap Biology > cellular respiration > Flashcards

cellular respiration Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Degredative pathways to release ATP energy for cell functions
(catabolic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how did Anaerobic Fermentation evolve

A

evolved in primitive bacteria still used by some unicellular organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

in cellular respiration all start with what and convert it into what

A

all start with glucose and convert it into inorganic carbon carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Anaerobic Fermentation steps

A

Glycolysis then regeneration of NAD+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

describe anaerobic fermentation

A 
2 ATP added to glucose
unstable intermediate forms
 2NAD+ picks up H (e-) from glucose
Intermediate splits into 2 pyruvates
2CO2 released 
NADH drops hydrogen off on pyruvates
forms 2 ethanol (alcohol)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

net gain of anaerobic fermentation

A

Net gain of 2ATP is enough energy for a unicellular organism….
but not for a multicellular organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Advent of non-cyclic photosynthesis

A

Caused free O2 to build up in the ocean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

A

die in presence of O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Present day obligate anaerobes are limited to what

A

regulated to anaerobic environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

example of Present day obligate anaerobes

A

disease causing bacteria: Botulism and tetnus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

oxidation

A

loss of electron from one substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

reduction

A

addition of electrons to a substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

reducing agent

A

electron donor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

oxidizing agent

A

electron acceptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what were the two ways obligate anaerobes survived

A

endospores inside cell like a wall to protrect or developed anti oxidants/ defense against the oxidative properties of O2 can
survive the presence of free oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how did organisms use oxygen to generate more energy from glucose

A

aerobic cellular respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

facultative aerobes

A

organisms that can use aerobic respiration when O2 is present then switch to anaerobic fermentation when in anaerobic conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

example of facultative aerobes

A

yeast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

aerobic respiration

A

using oxygen to get more ATP per glucose using oxygen

20
Q

ATP gain for anaerobic fermentation

A

2

21
Q

ATP gain for aerobic respiration

A

32

22
Q

what are obligate aerobes

A

need oxygen

plants animals fungi

23
Q

Aerobic respiration four parts

A

Step 1 ..Glycolysis
Step 2 .. Acetyl-CoA formation
Step 3…Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle)
Step 4… Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation

24
Q

aerobic glycolysis process

A

Glucose split in cytoplasm (before entering mito.)
2ATP (activation energy) added to Glucose
Substrate level phosphorylation creates Unstable intermediate (fructose diphosphate)
then splits into 2 PGAL
NAD+ reduced into NADH
forms net 2 ATP
ends with 2 pyruvates

25
Q

what is the products of aerobic glycolysis and where do they go

A

NADH carries e- and H+ to mitochondria
2 pyruvates move to mitochondria
2 ATP

26
Q

Acetyl-CoA formation process

A

The pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix by transport protein
(in prokaryotes stays in cytoplasm)
One C is removed and converted to CO2
One NAD+ is reduced to NADH
Coenzyme A binds to the remaining 2 C forming Acetyl-CoA

27
Q

why is doing acetyl coA formation in the mitochondria better

A

increases concentration of enzymes and makes an ideal microenvironment

28
Q

Krebs cycle/ citric acid cycle process

A

Acetyl Co-A drops off 2 C onto oxaloacetate to form citrate (6 c)
3NAD+ and 1FAD reduced to form 3NADH and FADH2
To do this, a series of intermediates have all their Hydrogens removed (e-)
Remaining C and O released as 2CO2
1 GTP is produced
Oxaloacetate is reformed

29
Q

first stable intermediate for Krebs cycle

A

citrate

30
Q

ending molecule that is reformed in Krebs cycle

A

oxaloacetate

31
Q

electron transport chain for cellular respiration

A

NADH and FADH2 drops off e- at ET chain
e- passed down chain of proteins in a series of oxidation/reduction reactions
Protein pumps use energy from e- to pump H+
H+ build up in intermembrane space creating electrochemical gradient (lots of Potential E)
e- at end of chain picked up by 1/2 O2 and H+ to form H2O
H+ pumped through ATPase creating ATP from ADP+Pi

32
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

energy coupling mechanism

converts potential energy of electrochemical gradient into chemical energy (ATP)

33
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Producing ATP using the energy of oxidation reactions (only) in the e- transport chain
Generates 26 – 28 ATP per glucose

34
Q

why is there slightly less ATP formed from FADH2 than NADH

A

FADH2 drops off further down the chain so not as much energy generated

35
Q

what is the final acceptor in aerobic respiration

A

oxygen

36
Q

Lack of Oxygen in mitochondria

A

If no O2 oxidizes the last protein in e- transport chain, chain stops
Oxidative phosphorylation stops
NADH and FADH2 build up, NAD+ and FAD+ run out
Kreb cycle stops
NADH from glycolysis can’t drop of e- at mito
everything stops so it resorts back to anaerobic

37
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation-animals

A

glycolysis
NADH drops off electrons onto pyruvate from glycolysis
pyruvate is converted to Lactic acid

38
Q

what is the only molecule that can run the entire aerobic respiration

A

glucose

39
Q

the process for energy when carbs run out

A

Carbs converted to glucose before being used
When carbs run out Fats used
when fats used protein is broken into amino acids

40
Q

how is fat used for energy

A

Triglycerides break into
fatty acids & glycerol
Glycerol converted to PGAL & enters glycolysis
Fatty acids are converted into acetyl-CoA and enters kreb

41
Q

how are proteins used for fuel

A

broken into amino acids
amino acids broken into
NH3 (nitrogenous waste) converted to urea
carbon backbone converted to pyruvate or Acteyl Co-A

42
Q

what are the products of alcohol fermentation/ anaerobic fermentation

A

2CO2 and ethanol (alcohol)

43
Q

what is the activation energy for alcohol fermentation and how is it added

A

2ATP through substrate level phosphorylation

44
Q

in cellular respiration where are the four parts located

A

glycolysis in cytosol

for Eukaryotas acetyl coA formation, Krebs cycle, and e- transport chain in mitochondria

45
Q

how many times does the kreb cycle run per glucose

A

Cycle runs one time for each pyruvate

so twice per glucose

Ap Biology (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions