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Ap Biology > cell division/ mitosis > Flashcards

cell division/ mitosis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Prokaryotes don’t have— in cell division so can’t perform certain tasks

A

No nucleus so no mitosis
No microtubules or motor proteins to move chromosome.
Divide by Prokaryotic fission

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2
Q

How do prokaryotes divide

A

Divide by Prokaryotic fission

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3
Q

Prokaryotic fission

A

single circular chromosome binds to cell membrane
DNA replication in both directions around circle
Cell divides by adding to cell membrane

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4
Q

Eukaryotic cells have (blank) And (blank) is needed for cell division which is divided into (blank) parts

A 
DNA contained in nuclear membrane
DNA replicated prior to nuclear division
( in interphase)
Microtubules and microfilaments needed
Motor proteins and ATP required
Cell division divided into two parts
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5
Q

what are the two parts to eukaryotic cell division

A 
mitosis = division of nucleus
cytokinesis = division of cytoplasm
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6
Q

Mitosis

A 
produces clones (daughter cells)
divides nucleus
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7
Q

mitosis in unicellular organisms

A

reproduction

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8
Q

mitosis in multicellular organisms

A

asexual reproduction (budding)
growth
replacement
repair

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9
Q

Meiosis

A 
produces haploid cells
(chromosome number cut in ½
non-identical cells
gametes)
only done for sexual reproduction
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10
Q

somatic cell

A

Somatic cell –

normal diploid body cell

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11
Q

diploid cell

A

Diploid cell –

has 2 copies of each chromosome

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12
Q

haploid cell

A

Haploid cell –

has 1 copy of each chromosome

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13
Q

chromosome

A

Chromosome –

naturally occurring segment of DNA and associated proteins

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14
Q

chromatin

A

DNA wrapped around histones
no supercoiling
Most DNA available for transcription
not visible under microscope

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15
Q

chromatid

A

nucleosomes supercoiled into compact ‘arms’
DNA packaged for transport not use
condensed chromosomes visible

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16
Q

centromere

A

constriction in center of chromatids, a region of DNA that binds to cohesin proteins that function to hold sister chromatids together

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17
Q

cohesins

A

hold sister chromatids together more loosely along their lengths

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18
Q

sister chromatids

A

Identical
Formed by semi-conservative replication
While joined at centromere = 1 chromosome

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19
Q

semiconservative replication

A

parent strand splits into two new molecules. each new one contains one parent strand and one new complimentary strand

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20
Q

unduplicated

A

One chromosome
One chromatid
One double helix

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21
Q

duplicated

A

One chromosome
(one centromere)
Two chromatids
Two double helixes

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22
Q

genome

A

all of a cells DNA

All eukaryotes have set # Chromosome in their genome

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23
Q

how many genomes do humans have

A

46 two of each type, 23 different types

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24
Q

Mitotic Spindle formation

A

Tubulin subunits in centrosome begin to assemble into microtubules
microtubules grow toward the center to form spindle fibers
short microtubules form a radial array called an aster
centrioles present in animals but not needed

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25
Q

what is an aster

A

short microtubules that form a radial array

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26
Q

kinetochore

A

proteins located at centromere
Attachment site for some microtubules of spindle
Polar microtubules overlap with microtubules from opposite pole at center of cell

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27
Q

prophase

A

Centrosomes begin producing microtubules & moving toward opposite poles
Chromosomes condense into… chromatids
Nucleoli disappear.

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28
Q

pro metaphase

A

Nuclear envelope breaks down
Microtubules attach to …kinetochores
Polar microtubules overlap at equator

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29
Q

metaphase

A 
Chromosomes lined up at equator
Pulled by kinetochore microtubules
C line up single file,
One sister chromatid on each side 
Centrosomes reach poles
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30
Q

anaphase

A

Cohesin proteins cleaved by Separase enzymes
Separated sister chromatids move toward opposite poles
Kinetochore microtubules shrink as they depolymerize at centrosome
Motor proteins drag chromatids along shrinking microtubules toward poles
Cell elongates as motor proteins push polar microtubules past each other

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31
Q

telophase

A 
Begins when chromatids reach poles
Microtubules disassemble
Nuclear envelope reforms
Chromosomes 
de-condense into
chromatin
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32
Q

When does cytokinesis start, is it different for animals and plants and does it always happen?

A

Cytokinesis begins before mitosis is complete
Different in plants and animals
Does not always take place

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33
Q

Animal cell cytokinesis

A

Contractile Ring Mechanism

1) a band of microfilaments of the cell cortex contracts
2) indentation forms : cleavage furrow
3) ring contracts until cell membrane is pinched in 2

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34
Q

myosin motor proteins

A

Move actin filaments

Past each other to tighten ring

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35
Q

Plant Cytokinesis

A

Cell Plate Formation
Vesicles containing cell wall components move
from golgi to equator
Merging vesicle membranes form new cell membrane
Cell wall components assembled in center of merging vesicles form new primary cell wall

36
Q

primary cell wall

A

flexible stretchy allows growth

37
Q

secondary cell wall

A

deposited inside primary wall

solid, inflexible, support wall

38
Q

Cell Cycle – Pattern of stages in cell life

A

Interphase – time spent between cell divisions
(90% of cell cycle)
Mitosis – nuclear division
Cytokinesis – cytoplasmic division

39
Q

interphase three sub phases

A

G1-gap one
S- synthesis
G2- gap 2

40
Q

interphase gap one

A

gap 1- cell grows ( max size based on..SA:V ratio)
cell performs its function for the body
cell may never leave G1 (ex nerve cells = G0)

41
Q

interphase synthesis

A

synthesis :entire genome is synthesized
by semi-conservative replication
Growth and cell function continue

42
Q

interphase gap two

A

cell grows & prepares to divide duplicates centrosomes & centrioles (not required: present in animals)

43
Q

G0

A

some cells that almost never divide are said to be stuck in G0

44
Q

time for interphase and sub phases

A

Usually, cells will take interphase 18 -20 hours.
G1 – highly variable
some cells are in G1 only long enough to grow
some almost never divide and are said to enter G0
S phase 5 -6 hours
G2 3 -4 hours in most cells.
Mitosis, & cytokinesis only takes about 2 hours

45
Q

cell cycle is controlled by

A

checkpoints

46
Q

checkpoints

A

places where the cell cycle stops

Cell cycle only resumes if certain criteria are met

47
Q

how does cell signal criteria has been met

A

by making checkpoint proteins called cyclins.

48
Q

Cyclins activate

A

Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDKs)

49
Q

Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDKs)

A

act to signal the cell to move on to the next step in the cell cycle.
a type of Kinase that only functions when bound to cyclin.

50
Q

what is activated when all criteria for a checkpoint are met

A

the check point gene for that checkpoint is activated

51
Q

checkpoint gene

A

contains the instructions for making one specific checkpoint protein (cyclin).

52
Q

checkpoint protein is also known as

A

cyclin

53
Q

what is the chain reaction with cyclin

A

Production of that particular cyclin for the checkpoint gene activates a specific CDK which sets of a chain of reactions that lets the cell cycle pass that checkpoint and continue the cell cycle.

54
Q

what happens after cyclin is used

A

it breaks down after one use and the levels of that type of cyclin drop

55
Q

do CDK levels remain constant or change

A

remain constant, they stay the same but cyclin is the one broken down and rebuilt

56
Q

the cell cycle is controlled by changing levels of

A

cyclin

57
Q

kinase

A

group of enzymes that phosphorylate proteins (activate them)

58
Q

what do activated CDKs do

A

phosphorylates a protein.

59
Q

what does phosphorylating a protein does

A

Activating (phosphorylating) that proteins sets off a transduction cascade that transduces the signal to proceed to the next checkpoint

60
Q

Animal cells stay in G1 or G0 unless signaled by

A

growth factors

61
Q

checkpoints are regulated by

A

CDKs

62
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

cycle initiation

a) controlled by cell size
b) growth factors
c) environment

63
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

transition to M

a) DNA replication complete
b) DNA damage/mutations
64
Q

M spindle checkpoint

A

spindle attachment

65
Q

growth factors

A

are Signal molecules

released by cells to signal nearby cells to divide

66
Q

Process of growth factors

A

They diffuse through intracellular fluids
bind to membrane receptors on target cell
transduction of signal causes cyclin production
cyclins activate CDK CDK phosphorylates first protein of cascade that moves cell past G1 checkpoint

67
Q

what are an example of cell to cell communication

A

growth factors

68
Q

example of growth factor

A

PDF

Platelet-derived Growth Factor

69
Q

PDGF released by platelets cause

A

Fibroblast(wound repair) cells to divide

70
Q

PDGF process

A

PDGF binds to receptor on Fibroblast
signal transduction pathway initiated
cell passes G1 checkpoint and starts to divide

71
Q

Cyclin-CKD example

A

MPF

M-phase Promoting Factor, CDK cyclin complex

72
Q

MPF steps

A

checkpoint gene for MPF cyclin is activated
MPF cyclin levels build up & build MPF levels
High enough concentration of MPF allows Cell to move from G2 into M phase
MPF concentration reduced in Anaphase by breakdown of cyclin causing MPF to revert to inactive CDK

73
Q

CKI

A

Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitors

stop the CDK enzymes from working

74
Q

CKI example

A

CKI p21 stops CDK2 from working…thus

Stopping the transition from G1 – S phase

75
Q

The CKI inhibitor molecule p21 is only active when

A

tumor suppressor gene p53 is transcribed (copied)

76
Q

normal Cell Division limited by

A

Density-dependent Inhibition: cells that are crowded stop dividing
Anchorage dependency: cell must be anchored to extra-cellular matrix of a tissue to divide

77
Q

Cell Division in Cancer Cells (the do nots)

A

Cancer Cells NOT inhibited by density or anchorage
CC do NOT stop dividing when out of Growth Factor
CC do not follow signals of check point genes
CC do not self-destruct by apoptosis

78
Q

origin of cancer cells

Cancer cells avoid —

A 
1 cell undergoes transformation (damage to DNA)
Transformed cell avoids immune system
avoids apoptosis
ignores regular cell cycle signals
uncontrolled cell division
79
Q

Benign tumor

A

cells stay anchored

80
Q

Malignant tumor

A

cells spread = cancer

81
Q

Metastasis

A

spread of cancer cells

82
Q

Uncontrolled cell division

A

Results from the failure of more than one checkpoint gene
Which causes non-functional checkpoint proteins
Causes tumor development
May cause cancer

83
Q

Cancer Cell Changes

A

Mutation of Check Point Genes
Change in chromosome number/structure
Abnormal/irregular cell membrane lacks attachment proteins damaged signal/receptor proteins
Secrete signal molecules that encourage blood vessel growth

84
Q

Cancer Treatment

A

radiation or chemotherapy

85
Q

radiation

A

for localized tumor

86
Q

chemotherapy

A

poisons most damaging to dividng cells

Ap Biology (33 decks)

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