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Ap Biology > cell division/ mitosis > Flashcards

cell division/ mitosis Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotes don’t have— in cell division so can’t perform certain tasks

A

No nucleus so no mitosis
No microtubules or motor proteins to move chromosome.
Divide by Prokaryotic fission

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2
Q

How do prokaryotes divide

A

Divide by Prokaryotic fission

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3
Q

Prokaryotic fission

A

single circular chromosome binds to cell membrane
DNA replication in both directions around circle
Cell divides by adding to cell membrane

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4
Q

Eukaryotic cells have (blank) And (blank) is needed for cell division which is divided into (blank) parts

A 
DNA contained in nuclear membrane
DNA replicated prior to nuclear division
( in interphase)
Microtubules and microfilaments needed
Motor proteins and ATP required
Cell division divided into two parts
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5
Q

what are the two parts to eukaryotic cell division

A 
mitosis = division of nucleus
cytokinesis = division of cytoplasm
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6
Q

Mitosis

A 
produces clones (daughter cells)
divides nucleus
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7
Q

mitosis in unicellular organisms

A

reproduction

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8
Q

mitosis in multicellular organisms

A

asexual reproduction (budding)
growth
replacement
repair

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9
Q

Meiosis

A 
produces haploid cells
(chromosome number cut in ½
non-identical cells
gametes)
only done for sexual reproduction
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10
Q

somatic cell

A

Somatic cell –

normal diploid body cell

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11
Q

diploid cell

A

Diploid cell –

has 2 copies of each chromosome

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12
Q

haploid cell

A

Haploid cell –

has 1 copy of each chromosome

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13
Q

chromosome

A

Chromosome –

naturally occurring segment of DNA and associated proteins

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14
Q

chromatin

A

DNA wrapped around histones
no supercoiling
Most DNA available for transcription
not visible under microscope

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15
Q

chromatid

A

nucleosomes supercoiled into compact ‘arms’
DNA packaged for transport not use
condensed chromosomes visible

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16
Q

centromere

A

constriction in center of chromatids, a region of DNA that binds to cohesin proteins that function to hold sister chromatids together

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17
Q

cohesins

A

hold sister chromatids together more loosely along their lengths

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18
Q

sister chromatids

A

Identical
Formed by semi-conservative replication
While joined at centromere = 1 chromosome

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19
Q

semiconservative replication

A

parent strand splits into two new molecules. each new one contains one parent strand and one new complimentary strand

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20
Q

unduplicated

A

One chromosome
One chromatid
One double helix

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21
Q

duplicated

A

One chromosome
(one centromere)
Two chromatids
Two double helixes

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22
Q

genome

A

all of a cells DNA

All eukaryotes have set # Chromosome in their genome

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23
Q

how many genomes do humans have

A

46 two of each type, 23 different types

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24
Q

Mitotic Spindle formation

A

Tubulin subunits in centrosome begin to assemble into microtubules
microtubules grow toward the center to form spindle fibers
short microtubules form a radial array called an aster
centrioles present in animals but not needed

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25
what is an aster
short microtubules that form a radial array
26
kinetochore
proteins located at centromere Attachment site for some microtubules of spindle Polar microtubules overlap with microtubules from opposite pole at center of cell
27
prophase
Centrosomes begin producing microtubules & moving toward opposite poles Chromosomes condense into... chromatids Nucleoli disappear.
28
pro metaphase
Nuclear envelope breaks down Microtubules attach to …kinetochores Polar microtubules overlap at equator
29
metaphase
``` Chromosomes lined up at equator Pulled by kinetochore microtubules C line up single file, One sister chromatid on each side Centrosomes reach poles ```
30
anaphase
Cohesin proteins cleaved by Separase enzymes Separated sister chromatids move toward opposite poles Kinetochore microtubules shrink as they depolymerize at centrosome Motor proteins drag chromatids along shrinking microtubules toward poles Cell elongates as motor proteins push polar microtubules past each other
31
telophase
``` Begins when chromatids reach poles Microtubules disassemble Nuclear envelope reforms Chromosomes de-condense into chromatin ```
32
When does cytokinesis start, is it different for animals and plants and does it always happen?
Cytokinesis begins before mitosis is complete Different in plants and animals Does not always take place
33
Animal cell cytokinesis
Contractile Ring Mechanism 1) a band of microfilaments of the cell cortex contracts 2) indentation forms : cleavage furrow 3) ring contracts until cell membrane is pinched in 2
34
myosin motor proteins
Move actin filaments | Past each other to tighten ring
35
Plant Cytokinesis
Cell Plate Formation Vesicles containing cell wall components move from golgi to equator Merging vesicle membranes form new cell membrane Cell wall components assembled in center of merging vesicles form new primary cell wall
36
primary cell wall
flexible stretchy allows growth
37
secondary cell wall
deposited inside primary wall | solid, inflexible, support wall
38
Cell Cycle – Pattern of stages in cell life
Interphase – time spent between cell divisions (90% of cell cycle) Mitosis – nuclear division Cytokinesis – cytoplasmic division
39
interphase three sub phases
G1-gap one S- synthesis G2- gap 2
40
interphase gap one
gap 1- cell grows ( max size based on..SA:V ratio) cell performs its function for the body cell may never leave G1 (ex nerve cells = G0)
41
interphase synthesis
synthesis :entire genome is synthesized by semi-conservative replication Growth and cell function continue
42
interphase gap two
cell grows & prepares to divide duplicates centrosomes & centrioles (not required: present in animals)
43
G0
some cells that almost never divide are said to be stuck in G0
44
time for interphase and sub phases
Usually, cells will take interphase 18 -20 hours. G1 – highly variable some cells are in G1 only long enough to grow some almost never divide and are said to enter G0 S phase 5 -6 hours G2 3 -4 hours in most cells. Mitosis, & cytokinesis only takes about 2 hours
45
cell cycle is controlled by
checkpoints
46
checkpoints
places where the cell cycle stops | Cell cycle only resumes if certain criteria are met
47
how does cell signal criteria has been met
by making checkpoint proteins called cyclins.
48
Cyclins activate
Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDKs)
49
Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDKs)
act to signal the cell to move on to the next step in the cell cycle. a type of Kinase that only functions when bound to cyclin.
50
what is activated when all criteria for a checkpoint are met
the check point gene for that checkpoint is activated
51
checkpoint gene
contains the instructions for making one specific checkpoint protein (cyclin).
52
checkpoint protein is also known as
cyclin
53
what is the chain reaction with cyclin
Production of that particular cyclin for the checkpoint gene activates a specific CDK which sets of a chain of reactions that lets the cell cycle pass that checkpoint and continue the cell cycle.
54
what happens after cyclin is used
it breaks down after one use and the levels of that type of cyclin drop
55
do CDK levels remain constant or change
remain constant, they stay the same but cyclin is the one broken down and rebuilt
56
the cell cycle is controlled by changing levels of
cyclin
57
kinase
group of enzymes that phosphorylate proteins (activate them)
58
what do activated CDKs do
phosphorylates a protein.
59
what does phosphorylating a protein does
Activating (phosphorylating) that proteins sets off a transduction cascade that transduces the signal to proceed to the next checkpoint
60
Animal cells stay in G1 or G0 unless signaled by
growth factors
61
checkpoints are regulated by
CDKs
62
G1 checkpoint
cycle initiation a) controlled by cell size b) growth factors c) environment
63
G2 checkpoint
transition to M a) DNA replication complete b) DNA damage/mutations
64
M spindle checkpoint
spindle attachment
65
growth factors
are Signal molecules | released by cells to signal nearby cells to divide
66
Process of growth factors
They diffuse through intracellular fluids bind to membrane receptors on target cell transduction of signal causes cyclin production cyclins activate CDK CDK phosphorylates first protein of cascade that moves cell past G1 checkpoint
67
what are an example of cell to cell communication
growth factors
68
example of growth factor
PDF | Platelet-derived Growth Factor
69
PDGF released by platelets cause
Fibroblast(wound repair) cells to divide
70
PDGF process
PDGF binds to receptor on Fibroblast signal transduction pathway initiated cell passes G1 checkpoint and starts to divide
71
Cyclin-CKD example
MPF | M-phase Promoting Factor, CDK cyclin complex
72
MPF steps
checkpoint gene for MPF cyclin is activated MPF cyclin levels build up & build MPF levels High enough concentration of MPF allows Cell to move from G2 into M phase MPF concentration reduced in Anaphase by breakdown of cyclin causing MPF to revert to inactive CDK
73
CKI
Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitors | stop the CDK enzymes from working
74
CKI example
CKI p21 stops CDK2 from working…thus | Stopping the transition from G1 – S phase
75
The CKI inhibitor molecule p21 is only active when
tumor suppressor gene p53 is transcribed (copied)
76
normal Cell Division limited by
Density-dependent Inhibition: cells that are crowded stop dividing Anchorage dependency: cell must be anchored to extra-cellular matrix of a tissue to divide
77
Cell Division in Cancer Cells (the do nots)
Cancer Cells NOT inhibited by density or anchorage CC do NOT stop dividing when out of Growth Factor CC do not follow signals of check point genes CC do not self-destruct by apoptosis
78
origin of cancer cells | Cancer cells avoid —
``` 1 cell undergoes transformation (damage to DNA) Transformed cell avoids immune system avoids apoptosis ignores regular cell cycle signals uncontrolled cell division ```
79
Benign tumor
cells stay anchored
80
Malignant tumor
cells spread = cancer
81
Metastasis
spread of cancer cells
82
Uncontrolled cell division
Results from the failure of more than one checkpoint gene Which causes non-functional checkpoint proteins Causes tumor development May cause cancer
83
Cancer Cell Changes
Mutation of Check Point Genes Change in chromosome number/structure Abnormal/irregular cell membrane lacks attachment proteins damaged signal/receptor proteins Secrete signal molecules that encourage blood vessel growth
84
Cancer Treatment
radiation or chemotherapy
85
radiation
for localized tumor
86
chemotherapy
poisons most damaging to dividng cells

Ap Biology (33 decks)

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