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Ap Biology > energy > Flashcards

energy Flashcards

1
Q

thermal energy

A

chemical energy stored in bonds of molecules and kinetic energy of brownian motion

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2
Q

temperature

A

average kinetic energy of molecules

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3
Q

heat

A

flow of kinetic energy from one object/ place to another

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4
Q

metabolic pathways

A

a series of chemical reactions resulting in a set product, each catalyzed by different enzymes

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5
Q

catabolism

A

energy releasing pathways (degradative)

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6
Q

Anabolism

A

pathways that consume energy to build complex molecules (biosynthetic)

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7
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

conservation of energy, energy cant be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another

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8
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

all systems tend to entropy(chaos)

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9
Q

all systems tend to entropy unless

A

energy is being put in

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10
Q

transforming energy results in

A

loss of organized, usable energy as heat

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11
Q

1865 Philosophical Society of Zurich presentation Clausius concludes:

A

The entropy of the universe tends to a maximum.’

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12
Q

theClausius statement

A

Heat can never pass from a colder to a warmer body without some other change

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13
Q

Biological version

A

enzyme mediated chemical reactions cause the change that decreases the entropy of a substance

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14
Q

spontaneous processes occur on their own to

A

increase disorder

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15
Q

Heat flows from

A

high concentration of heat to low

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16
Q

The universe tends toward

A

chaos (entropy)

Second law

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17
Q

Without the input of E. disorder…

A

increases, dead things decompose

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18
Q

Solar E. is added to ecosystems via

A

photosynthesis

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19
Q

Conversion of E from one form to another results in

A

loss of usable energy in form of heat

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20
Q

only – percent of energy is passed up the food chain

A

10 percent

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21
Q

G stands for

A

free energy

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22
Q

change in G indicates

A

if a reaction will be spontaneous

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23
Q

negative ΔG

A

increases entropy
spontaneous
new molecules are lower E… degradative
exergonic pathway

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24
Q

Positive ΔG

A

decreases entropy = require an input of energy to occur (synthesizes molecules that are higher E)
endergonic pathway

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25
ΔG = ΔH - T ΔS
``` ΔH = change in enthalpy ΔS = change in entropy T = absolute Temperature in Kelvin ΔG = change in Gibbs free energy ```
26
catabolism chart
``` Degredative Breaks down large mol. Hydrolysis rxns Increases entropy by Releasing E. (- ΔG) Exergonic Cellular respiration ```
27
anabolism chart
``` Biosynthetic Builds large molecules Condensation rxns Decreases entropy by Storing E in mol. (+ ΔG) Endergonic Photosynthesis Refugees energy to work ```
28
Energy Coupling
Exergonic rxns power endergoninc rxns | Energy is transferred via ATP
29
Adenosine triphosphate
Nucleoside used in RNA (ribose + adenine (sugar and base) Plus 3 phosphates Hydrolysis (breaking) of ATP releases inorganic phosphate
30
inorganic phosphate
(Pi)+ 13 kcal/mol
31
Adenosine triphosphate Proteins can harness that E to
``` transport molecules (protein pumps) move things ( motor proteins) drive endergonic rxns ```
32
ATP drives endergonic rxns by
Substrate level phosphorylation
33
Substrate level phosphorylation
enzyme transfers one Phosphate from ATP to a molecule creating an Unstable intermediate
34
Unstable intermediate
is a higher energy mol. | more likely to react spontaneously…releasing the Pi
35
Glu + NH3= endergonic (+G)
So in body Glu forms an unstable phosphorylated intermediate first Then the Pi is replaced by the lower energy NH3 Combined the reactions are exergonic (-G) & therefore spontaneous
36
ATP moves proteins by | step one
ATP is hydrolyzed and protein is phosphorylated…then Pi is released result: protein changes its structure
37
ATP moves proteins by | step two
ATP binds to protein ...hydrolyzing ATP releases energy that causes protein to change shape
38
Enzymes
``` Proteins Biological catalysts Speed reactions but are NOT a reactant (not used up) lower activation energy do NOT alter overall ΔG ```
39
a ----- reaction requires a higher activation energy than does a----
an uncatalyzed reaction requires a higher activation energy than does a catalyzed reaction
40
is there a difference between free energy of catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactions
no,no difference between catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactions
41
substrate
reactant enzyme binds
42
active site
pocket where substrate fits into enzyme
43
induced fit
alteration of substrate or active site to make a better fit between them
44
Allosteric site
pocket other than active site where activators & inhibitors can bind
45
Activators
increase the activity of enzyme … stabilize enzyme in active form
46
inhibitors
block activity of enzyme | …stabilize enzyme in inactive form
47
Activation Energy lowered by…
aligning molecules favorably putting stress on bonds in molecule creating favorable microenvironment
48
Allosteric Regulator molecules all bind to
allosteric site
49
activator molecules stabilize enzyme in
active form
50
inhibitor molecules stabilize enzyme in
inactive form
51
active sites based on
shape, size, pH, polarity, charge
52
Substrate held in place by
``` weak interactions (H-bonds, ionic bonds) ```
53
enzymes catalyze
one reaction
54
Competitive inhibitors
mimic substrate, bind active site covalently & inactivate enzyme
55
Feed-Back Inhibition
allosteric The end-product of a pathway shuts down the first enzyme of the pathway that creates it prevents overproduction of products
56
cofactors
Non-protein molecules/atoms needed for enzymes to work
57
inorganic cofactors
Inorganic cofactors include Zn Fe & Cu ions
58
Organic cofactors are
called coenzymes | include many vitamins & vitamin derivatives and nucleotides like NAD+ & FAD
59
things that influence reaction rates
Concentration of enzymes/coenzymes/cofactors pH Temperature Concentration of substrate Concentration of allosteric molecules Localization of reactions (compartmentalization) Denatured enzymes or altered enzyme structure
60
denatured
if temp and pH change beyond enzymes optimum, shape of enzyme changes, this affects the active site and means the enzyme will no longer work
61
what does increasing temp do
Increases KE | Increases reaction rate
62
Excessive Temperature denatures enzyme by
Breaking H bonds that | Hold enzyme in its secondary structure
63
Does heat change chemical energy
No, only breaking bonds affects it
64
Adding energy to ecosystems does what
Maintains order
65
What is free energy
En hey that can perform energy, is available
66
Order
Lots of energy in molecule
67
Disorder
Less energy in molecule
68
Exergonic pathway
Giving off energy kinda like expthermic
69
Change in G is
Difference between what it starts with (products) and ends with (reactants)
70
For exergonic reactions explain energy relationship
Reactants have more energy than products (lose energy)
71
What is activation energy
The energy the reactants gain from the environment until the reaction can run
72
Endergonic pathway
Put in energy
73
Endergonic reaction reaction relationship with energy
Reaction energy is less than the products (gains energy)
74
What increases enthalpy (order)
When increasing concentration and building bigger molecules
75
What increase entropy
Spread molecules out and break them apart
76
Which one is spontaneous: anabolic or catabolic
Catabolic
77
What molecule is more stable
One with less energy
78
Hydrolyzed ATP goes to
ADP+P
79
If want to include an enzyme in a reaction put it where
Over the yield sign
80
What is the only difference between catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactions
The activation energy
81
How can competitive inhibitors be overcome
can be overcome by vast increase in substrate concentration

Ap Biology (33 decks)

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