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Ap Biology > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Intracellular signaling

A

within cell
CDKs
cAMP

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2
Q

inter cellular signaling

A

between cells
growth factors (PDGF)
neurotransmitters
hormones

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3
Q

types of signalling

A

inter cellular
intra cellular
between organisms

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4
Q

local signalling molecules

A
  1. Secreted into extracellular fluid
  2. Travel by diffusion
  3. Short lived
  4. Very local effects
  5. Histamine, neurotransmitters
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5
Q

pheromones

A

Longer distance
Signal other individuals
2. Molecules travel by air
3. Sensed by vomeronasal organ

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6
Q

hormones

A 
transported around body by blood 
Produced by endocrine system
Endocrine glands/cells
Some neurons (secretive neurons) 
Delivered by blood (diffuses in) and interstitial fluid
received by target cells
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7
Q

target cells

A

. Cells with receptors for that specific hormone

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8
Q

intracellular receptors

A

Bind lipid Hormones like steroids
Testosterone and thyroid hormones
Often affect promoters regulating transcription

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9
Q

Anterior Pituitary regulated by

A

Hypothalamus

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10
Q

Hypothalamus

A

monitors hormone blood levels

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11
Q

Neg. Feedback: Anterior Pituitary hormones

A

Low levels of hormones cause hypothalamus to signal Anterior Pituitary via secretory neurons
Neurons make releasing hormones (_RH) that signal the anterior pituitary to begin secreting stimulating hormones (_SH)

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12
Q

releasing hormones

A

signal the anterior pituitary to begin secreting stimulating hormones (_SH)

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13
Q

Stimulating hormones

A

also called Tropins

are hormones that travel to an organ

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14
Q

Thyroid function Negative Feed back example

A

Hypothalamus monitors blood levels of thyroid hormones (T3/T4)
Low levels of T3/T4 cause hypothalamus to make releasing hormones (TRH) that signal the anterior pituitary to begin secreting (TSH ) thyroid stimulating Hormone
TSH binds to receptors in thyroid gland causing it to produce T3 & T4
T3/T4 feed back to shut down hypothal. & pit

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15
Q

membrane receptors

A

Membrane Receptors
Bind peptide/protein hormones
Binding produces 2nd messenger mols. Like cAMP
cAMP initiates chain reaction
resulting series of chem. rxns is called a cascade
ex. glucagon

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16
Q

pancreatic hormones

A

Hormones produced in Pancreatic Islets

17
Q

2 types of cells in islets

A

1) alpha cells = glucagon

2) beta cells = insulin

18
Q

glucagon=

A

peptide hormone
Polar
Binds to membrane receptor

19
Q

low blood glucose process

A

Low blood glucose triggers alpha cells
Glucagon produced, binds to liver cells
Cascade causes breakdown of glycogen into glucose
High blood glucose levels = neg. feedback

20
Q

high blood glucose process

A

High blood glucose levels trigger beta cells
Produce insulin
Insulin causes cascade resulting in uptake of glucose
(only hormone to do this)
Low glucose levels = Neg. feedback

21
Q

what does insulin target and promote

A

Targets skeletal muscle, fat & liver cells

Promotes: protein, fat & glycogen synthesis

22
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Cells do not take up glucose properly

Failure to transduce signal

23
Q

Diabetes mellitus type

one

A

autoimmune attack on Beta cells (juvenile onset diabetes)

24
Q

Diabetes mellitus type

two

A

target cells ignore insulin
Beta cells constant production of insulin = fail
Insulin shots required
Caused by genetics & obesity

25
Q

hormone regulation

A

1) Antagonistic pairs
2) Negative Feedback –
3) Positive Feedback –

26
Q

Antagonistic pairs

A

opposing functions

Ex insulin and glucagon

27
Q

negative feedback

A

increasing end-product shuts down system

28
Q

positive feedback

A

– increasing end-product encourages more production

Have some want more

29
Q

Positive Feedback example posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin triggers uterine contractions

And uterine contractions signal hypothalamus to make MORE oxytocin

30
Q

Positive Feedback example posterior pituitary PROCESS

A

Oxytocin produced in neuron cell bodies within the hypothalamus
It is then sent down axon to posterior pituitary where it is released and diffuses into blood
Blood carries oxytocin to uterus

31
Q

Why do intracellular receptors need Carrier proteins in blood

A

Because they are hydrophobic and lipids in water clump up so need to bind to get around

32
Q

Difference between peptide/protein hormones and lipid hormones

A

Peptide/protein hormone bind membrane receptors but Lipid hormones can diffuse through cell membrane (they are non-polar) to Intracellular receptors

Ap Biology (33 decks)

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