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Ap Biology > transcription, translation, mutation > Flashcards

transcription, translation, mutation Flashcards

1
Q

protein synthesis

A

How cells follow DNA directions on how to make proteins

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2
Q

Each chain of nucleotides is a

A

line of code

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3
Q

Each chain of nucleotides contains

A

directions for making many different proteins

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4
Q

each set of directions is a gene

A

one gene= one protein= one trait

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5
Q

steps in making a protein

A

1) Copy the Directions for one protein onto RNA (one gene)
Transcription

2) Use the RNA directions to make a protein
Translation

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6
Q

Transcription

A

Copy the Directions for one protein onto RNA (one gene)
RNA polymerase scans the DNA to find the gene it needs to copy
mRNA carries coded directions out into cell where it binds to a ribosome

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7
Q

what four jobs does RNA polymerase do in in transcription

A

1) unwind the DNA double helix
2) breaks hydrogen bonds to separate chains
3) match RNA nucleotides to the DNA gene
4) fuse the RNA nucleotides together to make a chain of RNA

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8
Q

mRNA

A

The chain of RNA that is made is called mRNA

Or messenger RNA

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9
Q

Translation

A

Translates nucleotide code of RNA into

the amino acid code of a protein

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10
Q

translation takes place where and is done by what

A

Takes place in the cytoplasm

Is done by a ribosome

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11
Q

mRNA

A

chain of nuclotides that make up the coded directions for making the protein

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12
Q

codon

A

the code for one amino acid

Every 3 nuclotides of mRNA is a codon

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13
Q

ribosome structure

A

made of two subunits; large ribosomal subunit made of RNA and small ribosomal site made of proteins

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14
Q

how does process in ribosome start

A

Subunits bind onto mRNA chain at start codon (P)

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15
Q

how many codons at a time are in ribosome

A

3

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16
Q

which codons are being read

A

codons in P and A

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17
Q

what do the letters E P and A stand for sites

A

E exit
A add on
P where it starts

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18
Q

what does tRNA do

A 
bring amino acids to the ribosome
Match the correct amino acid in place by matching their 
anti-codon to the 
mRNA codon
Fit into the E, P and A sites
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19
Q

how many amino acid types do each tRNA pick up

A

ONLY ONE KIND

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20
Q

what does tRNA do after dropping off amino acids at ribosome

A

moves back into the cytoplasm to pick up another amino acid(but always the same kind)

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21
Q

what enzyme binds amino acids to tRNA

A

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

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22
Q

steps to translation

A

initiation
elongation
termination

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23
Q

translation initiation

A

Ribosome subunits bond to mRNA

tRNA that matches start codon binds at site P

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24
Q

translation elongation

A

tRNA that matches 2nd codon binds at site A
ribosome attaches the 2 amino acids those tRNAs carry to each other by a peptide bond
Ribosome moves down mRNA chain by one codon
the first tRNA
Moves into the E
site and exits
the ribosome
the next tRNA moves into place

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25
Q

translation termination

A

Ribosome moves down mRNA to stop codon
Release factors bind to stop codon instead of a tRNA
Ribosome, mRNA, tRNAs and protein all break apart

26
Q

what is the wobble effect

A

There are 60 possible codons but only 45 tRNAs so only 45 anti-codons
Some tRNAs can bind to more than one codon
The last base in the anti-codon has some flexibility in what it binds to (wobble room)

27
Q

mutations caused by

A

spontaneous errors

mutagens: chemicals/radiation

28
Q

mutations can happen in

A 
body cells (somatic cells) or
In reproductive cells (egg & sperm)
29
Q

Somatic cell mutations (may cause)

A

May cause no change = if mutated gene is one that is not use by that particular cell
May cause cell to die
May cause cancer
Not passed on to children

30
Q

Reproductive Cell or Early Embryo Cell Mutations

A 
Child with mutation
Every cell of the child is mutated
May cause miscarriage
May cause a genetic disorder in child
May have no effect at all
31
Q

Gene mutation

A

DNA coding error
may be a missense mutation where the codons code for the wrong aa ….
or nonsense where stop codon or partial codon

32
Q

chromosome mutation

A

change in chromosome number, missing or extra chromosome pieces

33
Q

gene mutations: point mutations (substitutions)

A

change only one base pair

  a) substitution of 1 nucleotide for another
  b) ATT  becomes ATG..(missense)
  c) may not cause any change = silent mutation
  d) may change 1 amino acid 
  e) could be nonsense only if codes for stop 
  e) can cause disorder
34
Q

gene mutations : framshift mutations

A

change all the codons

a) insertion
b) deletion
c) THE   FAT    CAT =  HEF  ATC  AT d) most always ruins protein
35
Q

gene muations: tandem repeats

A

codons repeated over & over
most often ruins protein
more repeats = more problems

36
Q

transcript

A

chain of RNA as copied from DNA template

37
Q

Pre-mRNA

A

a transcript that will become mRNA

38
Q

Transcripts become

A

mRNA tRNA or rRNA

39
Q

Transcripting process

A

Cap, poly A tail, RNA splicing

40
Q

transcripting process Cap

A

Pre-mRNA transcript has a cap added to 5’ end
cap facilitates exit through nuclear pore
cap aids in translation initiation
cap is attached to a UTR (untranslated region)
UTR is followed by the start codon

41
Q

Transcripting process poly A tail

A

3’ end of transcript gets a poly-A tail added to it

A bunch of A ribonucleotides added on

42
Q

More As added make

A

the mRNA last longer

43
Q

Fewer As added make

A

the mRNA break down quicker

44
Q

in transcripting process break down

A

Breakdown starts immediately on entry to cytosol
Hydrolytic enzymes
starts from tail end

45
Q

RNAQ splicing parts

A

introns and exons

Introns are cut out, exons fused together

46
Q

introns

A

in between coding regions of RNA
do not code for a.a.s
are cut out before mRNA leaves nucleus
bacteria do NOT have introns

47
Q

exons

A

have codons that are executed by translation….code for a.a.s\

48
Q

Alternative splicing

A

used to make multiple proteins from one gene

Exons are spliced together in different orders

49
Q

spliceosome

A

Complex of proteins and small RNAs
Remove introns
Joins exons in proper order
RNAs in spliceosome are Ribozymes…RNA enzymes
Sometimes the intron being removed IS the ribozyme

50
Q

Evidence for RNA before DNA

A

RNA can act as its own enzyme
RNA polymerase can initiate polymerization on its own
DNA polymerase can only start polymerization at a primer
That is created by RNA polymerase

51
Q

all translation begins in

A

cytoplasm

52
Q

The first few aa at leading end of those proteins =

A

a signal peptide

53
Q

process of protein being transported to rough er

A

Signal peptide binds to a Signal Recognition Particle (SRP)
SRP escorts ribosome to receptor protein on ER
Protein synthesis completed on the ER and growing polypeptide chain is fed into the ER for folding & processing

54
Q

Proteins that enter ER are made for

A

destined for endomembrane system or produced for secretion (insulin)

55
Q

what happens to proteins that are completed in the cytoplasm

A

stay in cytoplasm

56
Q

Post-translational modification

Completed protein is modified

A

Amino acid modification – add functional groups
Trim aa from cap end
Cleave polypeptide into pieces
Join 2 polypeptide into quaternary structure with disulfide bonds

57
Q

Differences among Domains: Replication

Bacteria, Archaea, eukarya

A

Bacteria – No histones, 1 origin, circular DNA
Archaea – Have histones, 1 origin, circular DNA
Eukarya – Have histones, Many origins, Linear DNA

58
Q

Differences among Domains: Transcription Bacteria

A

NO transcription factors needed for RNA polymerase to recognize promoter
one type of RNA –polymerase
terminator ends transcription…NO transcript processing
(no splicing)

59
Q

Differences among Domains: Transcription Archaea

A

Require transcription factors
one type of RNA -P
No conclusive evidence at this time

60
Q

Differences among Domains: Transcription Eukarya

A

Require transcription factors
3 types of RNA polymerase
different signal ends transcription depending on the type of RNA DO transcript processing for all RNA

61
Q

structure of RNA-P very similar between

A

Archaea and Eukarya

62
Q

Differences among Domains: Translation

Bacteria and Eukarya

A

Bacteria- translation begins before transcription is complete
translation begins before transcription is complete
Eukarya- translation in cytoplasm after transcript processing
Ribosomes include 4 RNA molecules

Ap Biology (33 decks)

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