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Ap Biology > Cellular Transport > Flashcards

Cellular Transport Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the cytoskeleton made of

A

Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments

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2
Q

what are microtubules

A

large, hollow tube shape made of tubulin, made in centrosomes and can be broken down or reassambled

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3
Q

what do microtubules do

A

form spindles and hold organelles in place

they are the track for motor proteins

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4
Q

what are microfilaments

A

they are the thinnest strands made of 2 actin chains twisted into helixes

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5
Q

what do microfilaments form

A

the cell cortex

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6
Q

what is the cell cortex

A

a mesh of microfilaments at the cell membrane that gives animals their shape

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7
Q

what are intermediate filaments

A

they are medium sized and highly variable
add strength
mutations likely to pass on

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8
Q

what are centrosomes

A

regions of the cell where tubulin is stored and organized into microtubules

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9
Q

most animal centrosomes contain

A

centrioles

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10
Q

centrioles

A

9 triplets of microtubules fused together into a cylinder and helps organize microtubule formation

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11
Q

centrioles are lacked in

A

fungi and plants

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12
Q

motor proteins

A

activated by ATP

changes in shape result in motion

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13
Q

most common proteins are

A

myosins, dynins, kinesins, and actins

all varied

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14
Q

kinesins

A

walk along microtubules dragging cargo like vesicles and organelles

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15
Q

how do motor proteins move

A

ATP drops a phosphate off, which gives the molecule energy by breaking the phosphate bond. The motor proteins uses the energy to move

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16
Q

Dynins

A

walk along microtubules dragging cargo or bending cilia and flagella

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17
Q

what motor proteins push microtubules past each other

A

kinesin push spindles for mitosis

dynin push microtubules for cilia motion

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18
Q

why does myosin push microfilaments past each other

A

to move the cell cortex or to move contract muscles

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19
Q

the pushing of microtubules past each other is known as what

A

sliding microtubule hypothesis

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20
Q

prokaryotic cytoskeleton

A

no nucleus
poorly developed
some lack cytoskeleton

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21
Q

all eukaroyotes have nearly identical genes for

A

actin and tubulin so they are highly conserved

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22
Q

tight junctions

A

block things from moving through cracks between cells

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23
Q

adhering (desmosomes) junctions

A

stick together, anchor cell in place by joining it to its neighbor

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24
Q

gap junctions

A

communicating junctions, cytoplasmic bridges between cell allow cytosol and small molecules to flow between cells

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25
Q

plasmodesmata

A

cytoplasmic bridges in plants

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26
Q

eukaryotic

A

membrane bound organelle

has nucleus

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27
Q

eukaryotic cilia and flagella

A

used for motion of cells ex sperm unicellular organisms
to move substances ex cilia moves eggs down oviduct, mucus in lung tracts
homologous structures among eukaryotic
anchored by basil body

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28
Q

homologous

A

same inherited

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29
Q

analogous

A

same function, different structure, not inherited

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30
Q

basil body has nine triplets, but one of everything three falls short, why?

A

to leave space for micrtubules

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31
Q

prokaryotic flagella

A 
no basal body
not covered by cell membrane 
different internal structure 
different protein (flagellin) 
analogous to eukaryotic flagella
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32
Q

cell membrane made of

A

phospholipid bilayer
selectively permeable
cholesterol
membrane proteins

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33
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

hydrophilic heads point out (phosphate)
hydrophobic tails in center (fatty acid)
capable of rapid lateral movements

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34
Q

amphipathic

A

both philic and phobic

35
Q

how is the phospholipid bilayer held together

A

by hydrophobic interactions

36
Q

what molecules can pass through the membrane phospholipids on their own

A

small or non polar molecules (lipids)

37
Q

how do large molecules get through

A

very slowly (glucose) or via transport proteins

38
Q

how do ions get through

A

very seldom go through by their self, need to gain or lose an electron

39
Q

how do you have faster transportation

A

use proteins

40
Q

difference between selective and semi permeable membrane

A

selective can choose and change over time

semi permeable you cant choose, just based on size and stays same

41
Q

cholesterol

A

found in animals cells

maintains membrane fluidity

42
Q

what does cholesterol do at high temps

A

retrains p lipid movement

43
Q

what does cholesterol do at low temps

A

prevents close packing

44
Q

integral proteins

A

stuck in cell membrane, some are transmembrane (inside and out, part sticking in and out )

45
Q

peripheral proteins

A

not embedded, edges of cell membrane. can be held in place by cytoskeleton (inside) or ECM extracellular matrix (outside)

46
Q

membrane enzymes

A

often grouped in teams (speeds up process)
active in metabolism (building and breaking things down)
bind to cytoplasmic substrates- reactants

47
Q

attachment proteins

A

bind to ECM(holds cell in place)
bind to cytoskeleton (move cell membrane with cell cortex)
maintain cell shape and location
non covalent (flexible changeable)

48
Q

recognition proteins and lipids

A 
sorts cells in embryo 
immune system self recognition 
often glycoproteins/lipids
variant 
ex A B O blood types
49
Q

intercellular joining

A

gap junctions and adhering junctions

50
Q

receptor proteins aid in

A

signal transduction

51
Q

process of transduction

A

receptors bind to chemical messenger (cAMP hormones)
binding signal molecule changes protein shape
signals inside of cell by binding cytoplasmic protein

52
Q

transport proteins

A

always integral transmembrane
channel proteins
carrier proteins
and are all specific

53
Q

channel proteins

A

ex aquaporin
makes hollow tube in the middle and stuff goes through
some gated so chooses what gets in and out

54
Q

carrier proteins

A

glucose transporter and protein pumps

55
Q

transporter

A

passive goes with the flow

56
Q

pumps

A

active against gradient concentration

57
Q

two types of cellular transport

A

passive transport and active transport

58
Q

passive transport

A

no energy needed

molecules flow from high concentration to low concentration

59
Q

active transport

A

energy needed
molecules pumped from low concentrations to high
exo/endocytosis

60
Q

three types of passive transport

A

diffusion
facilitated diffusion
osmosis

61
Q

diffusion

A

any molecule, random motion

high to low, movement due to concentration gradient

62
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

molecules too big/polar/charged

must go through transport protein by channel protein or carrier

63
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water through membrane

64
Q

what is the relationship between solutes and concentration gradient

A

solutes follow their own concentration gradient

ignores all others

65
Q

tonicity

A

ability of surronding solution to make a specific cell gain or lose water

66
Q

isotonic

A 
no net movement 
same solute (iso)
67
Q

hypotonic solution

A

water moves into cell

less solute in solution (hypo)

68
Q

hypertonic

A

water moves out of cell

more solute in solution (hyper)

69
Q

osmoregulation

A

control of solute and water concentrations inside a cell
contractile vacoules
aquaporin

70
Q

diffusion rates affected by

A 
concentration size 
size of molecule
temperature
electric gradient 
pressure gradient 
number of pores
71
Q

how does concentration size effect diffusion rate

A

increase concentration increase rate of diffusion- more molecules, more molecules crashing, better chance getting in, steeper concentration gradient

72
Q

how does size of molecule effect diffusion rate

A

smaller cell size faster rate of diffusion- less volume SA:V
smaller cell size greater SA:V ratio

73
Q

how does temperature effect diffusion rate

A

increase temp increase rate of diffusion- molecules go faster

74
Q

how does electric gradient effect diffusion rate

A

moving ions, change charge to make opposites attract

75
Q

how does SA effect diffusion rate

A

greater SA faster rate of diffusion, more space to enter cell (hair root LSI)

76
Q

how does number of pores effect diffusion rate

A

larger or more pores increases diffusion- larger target opening

77
Q

what does bulk transport

A

endo/exocytosis

78
Q

protein pumps

A

carrier proteins that require energy
pushes molecules into areas where they are in high concentration
pumps h+ ions

79
Q

exocytosis

A

how cells secrete materials like hormones

80
Q

exocytosis path

A

transport vesicle buds from golgi
vesicle goes to CM and fuses
contents spill into extracellular space

81
Q

endocytosis

A

phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor mediated
helps concentrate rare molecules

82
Q

phagocytosis

A

takes in food

83
Q

pinocytosis

A

takes in water

84
Q

receptor mediated

A

triggered by molecule binding to membrane receptor

Ap Biology (33 decks)

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