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Ap Biology > meiosis > Flashcards

meiosis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

who does meiosis

A

All Multicellular Eukaryotes: Animals, Plants, Fungi, some algae

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2
Q

Why is meiosis done

A

for sexual reproduction

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3
Q

why is sexual reproduction for meiosis important

A

because It allows genetic recombination
New combinations of genes may ..
a. better suit environments
b. allow offspring to survive radical environmental change
c. allow offspring to survive a disease outbreak

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4
Q

cells produced by meiosis are called

A

gametes

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5
Q

sex chromosomes

A

determine sex (in humans XX = female, Xy = male)

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6
Q

autosomes

A

any chromosome not used to determine sex of offspring

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7
Q

gametes

A

haploid cells made by meiosis

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8
Q

haploid cells

A

have one set of chromosomes
called 1n cells
mathematical representation

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9
Q

n=

A

number of different C types

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10
Q

diploid

A

cells have two of each kind of chromosome

2n

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11
Q

where does meiosis happen

A

only in gonads

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12
Q

gonads

A

reproductive organs ; testis and ovary

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13
Q

specialized cells in gonad do

A

meiosis

spermatocytes and oocytes

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14
Q

Spermatocytes and oocytes are constantly replaced by

A

specialized Spermatogonia cells & oogonia cells

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15
Q

Spermatogonia cells do Mitosis make

A

one primary spermatocyte and a cells that stays a spermatogonia

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16
Q

what does the primary spermatocyte do

A

does meiosis to make four spermatids

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17
Q

sperm diagram

A

acrosome- vesicle w/ penetratin enzymes
nucleus- 1n
midpiece- makes ATP and powers flagellum (filled w/mitochondria)
tail- flagellum

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18
Q

oogenesis

A

Oogonia do
Mitosis to make
1 primary Oocyte

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19
Q

primary oocyte does what

A

meiosis one to make one secondary oocyte and one polar body
Meiosis II ( after fertilization) makes
1 ovum &1 polar body

20
Q

meiosis one main purpose

A

separate homologous pairs (cells become 1n with X shape C)

21
Q

prophase one

A

Nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle forms, condense chromatids
synapsis, crossing over, chiasmata

22
Q

metaphase one

A

chromosomes line up in pairs

23
Q

anaphase one

A

Homologs move to
opposite poles
(cohesin along arms breaks down)
(cohesin at centromeres remains)

24
Q

telophase one

A 
Cytokinesis simultaneously
X shaped C reach poles
Many cells do not decondense C or 
reform nuclear E
Spindle only partly broken down
25
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

same C type
same length
code for same gene (but different versions)

26
Q

what are the only pair of Homologues that do not look alike

A

X and Y sex chromosomes

27
Q

synpasis

A

Homologous Chromosomes pair up
Line up gene to gene then physically connect along their arms
Proteins form a synaptonemal complex that bind them together

28
Q

crossing over

A

Non-sister chromosomes trade corresponding segments of DNA

29
Q

which genes cross over most

A

genes farthest from centromere

30
Q

the gene’s locus (loci)

A

location of a gene on a chromosome

31
Q

distance from centromere measured in

A

map units

32
Q

chiasmata

A

X shaped region where crossing over has happened.
Synaptonemal complex has broken down but …
Cohesions still hold sister chromatids together

33
Q

Meiosis in Fungi

A

Fungal bodies formed of hyphae

34
Q

what is hyphae

A

filaments made of chains of 1n cells for fungal bodies

35
Q

what forms the fungal body and what is it called

A

Hyphae interweave to form fungus body

The body mass is called a mycelium

36
Q

if hypha + and - meet…

A

the two cells fuse cytoplasm and nuceli and then do meiosis to make 4 haploid nuclei, then do mitosis to form 8 nuceli

37
Q

plasmogamy

A

fusing two cells cytoplasm

38
Q

karyogamy

A

fusing nuclei of two cells (2n)

39
Q

what happens to the 8 nuclei formed from the hypha meeting

A

Each nucleus grows a tough casing around it and becomes a
Spore
spores disperse on the wind and germinate to make new 1n hyphae

40
Q

ascus

A

The ascospores that form from one cell stay together in a capsule called an ascus

41
Q

crossing over pattern and non crossing over pattern

A

no crossing over is 4:4 any other patterns results from crossing over

42
Q

genetic variation increased by

A

crossing over and independent assortment

43
Q

what is independent assortment

A

Each pair of homologues lines up randomly and Independent of how other pairs line up

44
Q

2^n

A

different gametes formed = 2^n
example Humans =
2^23 or 8,399,608

45
Q

Where does the spindle and envelop reform and dependence chromatids?

A

Telophase 2

46
Q

Meiosis one is for

Meiosis two is for

A

Meiosis one- separate homologous chromosomes 2n-1n end up haploid
Meiosis 2- separate sister chromatids

Ap Biology (33 decks)

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