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Ap Biology > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

ground zero for DNA

A

Parents pass genetic traits on to their offspring (inheritance)
Chromosomes in a cell’s nucleus carry the traits
Chromosomes are made of DNA and Proteins Histones we can conclude Genetic info is carried by either DNA or protein

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2
Q

Griffith

A

discovered bacteria give genetic traits to other bacteria. The trait they passed on was ability to secrete a capsule

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3
Q

what did griffith not know

A

Didn’t know if DNA or protein was being traded

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4
Q

smooth colonies vs rough colonies

A

smooth colonies secrete a capsule, rough ones dont

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5
Q

Avery

A

1st to show DNA is the genetic material.
Showed that only DNA could transfer a trait from one bacteria to another….
give rough bacteria the ability to make a capsule

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6
Q

What was averys experiment

A

took cells, seperated them into RNA, protein, DNA, lipids and carbs. The only ones secreted was through DNA

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7
Q

why was avery criticized and not trusted

A

felt breaking cell down into so many parts was not reliable and did not trust his experiments

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8
Q

Background for hershey and chase

A

Viruses are only made of DNA and Protein
Viruses transfer their genes to other cells
DNA has phosphate, but Protein does not
Protein has sulfur but DNA does not
Bacteriophage Viruses inject genetic material into bacteria

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9
Q

Hershey and Chase

A

create viruses with radioactive DNA
Let viruses put their genetic material into a bacteria
If the bacteria is then radioactive, the genetic material is DNA
If the bacteria is NOT radioactive, the genetic material is Protein

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10
Q

who found conclusive evidence that DNA is genetic material

A

hershey and chase

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11
Q

Chargaff

A

Showed that there was always the same amount of A nucleotides as T nucleotides and
There were always the same amount of G as C

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12
Q

chargaffs rule

A

A=T C=G

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13
Q

what clue did chargaff give to watson and crick

A

A is linked to T and G is linked to C

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14
Q

Background for Franklin

A

DNA molecules are too small to see with a microscope
Visible light’s wavelenth is too long & goes around it
X – rays have shorter wavelenth and bend around DNA
Bending light is called diffraction
The pattern of bending can be used to identify the shape of the object that bends it

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15
Q

Franklins experiment

A

Took X-ray diffraction photos of DNA

Measured the diffraction patterns

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16
Q

what did Franklin conclude

A

concluded

DNA was a helix and calculated the diameter of the DNA molecule

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17
Q

What is watson and cricks based on

A

Based on the fact that DNA contains the 5-carbon sugar Deoxyribose.
Based on Chargaff’s Rule
Based on Franklin’s photo showing a helical shape

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18
Q

what did watson and crick do

A

Constructed the first working Model of DNA’s structure

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19
Q

Overall summary of the scientists findings

A

Griffith – bacteria give genetic traits to other bacteria.
Avery – 1st to show that DNA is the genetic material.
Hershey & Chase – Showed conclusively that DNA is the genetic material
Chargaff – A = T and G = C
Franklin – x-ray diffraction
Watson & Crick – model of DNA

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20
Q

DNA structure

A

DNA is made of subunits called Nucleotides

Nucleotides are made of 3 parts :one 5 carbon sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen containing base

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21
Q

Nucleotides bonds

A

bonded together in two chains, covalent bonds hold one nucleotide to the next

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22
Q

Backbone of the double helix

A

strong covalent bonds between phosphates and sugars

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23
Q

how are the two chains of nucelotides bonded together

A

with weak hydrogen bonds between bases

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24
Q

how does DNA get its double helix

A

2 chains of nucelotides are twisted to form a double helix with weak hydrogen bonds

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25
Q

how do cells store DNA

A

The cell stores DNA wrapped around proteins called histones to form a bundle called a nucleosome

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26
Q

Further wrapping of DNA forms what

A

X-shape showed in mitosis

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27
Q

semi conservative replication

A

One double helix is replicated so there are 2 double helixes.
1 molecule of DNA becomes 2 molecules of DNA
Each molecule retains one of the original chains of nucleotides

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28
Q

replication origins

A

In eukaryotes where replication takes place at multiple replication origins at the same time

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29
Q

replication fork

A

The area where the 2 strands of parental DNA are being separated is a

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30
Q

parent strands

A

The original DNA strands (chains of nucleotides)

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31
Q

daughter strands

A

The strands formed of new nucleotides

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32
Q

what is the relationship between daughter and parent strands

A

Daughter strands are complimentary to parent strands

The two strands are antiparallel (5’ -> 3’ and 3’ -> 5’)

33
Q

DNA replication location

A

the nucleus

34
Q

helicase

A

unwinds double helix & breaks H-bonds

35
Q

SSBP proteins

A

keep parental strands apart, single stand binding protein keep the strands apart because h bonds are like magnets

36
Q

Topoisomerase

A

cuts DNA to let it untwist then puts it back together, isomerase enzymes that act on the topolody of DNA

37
Q

primase

A

matches RNA primer to parent strand

38
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

adds DNA nucleotides to 3’ end of RNA primer to grow the daughter strand from 5’ -> 3’

39
Q

ligase

A

fuses Okazaki fragments together

40
Q

DNA proof reading & repair

A

DNA Polymerases proofread as they build
After replication….
Nuclease enzymes cut out errors and DNA Polymerase fills in correct code where the error was cut out

41
Q

what happens everytime a chromosome is replicated it

A

gets shorter

42
Q

telomeres

A

long stretches of non-coding DNA at the end of each chromosome

43
Q

how do cells keep from losing genes

A

eukaryotes have telomeres

44
Q

telomere length is restored where and how

A

in germ cells by telomerase

45
Q

where is the Gene for telomerase not active

A

in somatic cells

46
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid
Both use phosphate
Bases are GCAT
Double stranded molecule

47
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid
Both use phosphate
Bases are GCAU
Single stranded molecule

48
Q

Pyrimidines

A

only one carbon ring, include Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

49
Q

purines

A

two carbon rings

include Guanine, and Adenosine

50
Q

nitrogeneous bases in nucleotides

A

pyrimidines and purines

51
Q

prokaryotes

A

circular double helix DNA

52
Q

eukaryotes

A

multiple liner double helix DNA molecules (combined with histones form chromosomes)

53
Q

nucleotide evolution

A

Nucleotide structure and base pairing conserved in all organisms and viruses
Evidence of evolution from a common ancestor
Semiconservative replication in all organisms & viruses

54
Q

what does topoisomerases do to overcome problems with double helix

A

bind to either single-stranded or double-stranded DNA and cut the phosphate backbone of the DNA

55
Q

how is DNA unwound

A

when topoisomerase breaks the phosphate backbone

56
Q

how are DNA chemical isomers

A

the overall chemical composition and connectivity of the DNA does not change, the tangled and untangled DNAs are chemical isomers, differing only in their global topology

57
Q

thymine dimer caused by

A

u-v light on skin cells

58
Q

thymine dimer

A

Thymine bases on same strand form covalent bond to each other instead of to their Adenine partners on the complimentary strand.

59
Q

what does nuclease do to thymine dimer

A

cuts out dimer

60
Q

what does polymerase do with thymine dimer

A

synthesizes new strand by base pairing

61
Q

what does ligase do with thymine dimer

A

fuses new DNA in place

62
Q

mutations

A

If DNA is replicated with an error still in place…The error is permanent and = a mutation, most bad

63
Q

can mutations be passed on

A

mutations in germ cells or gametes can be passed on

64
Q

what is the source of variation that allows natural selection

A

mutations

65
Q

chromosomes

A

naturally occurring segment of DNA and associated proteins
linear in eukaryotes
circular in prokarytotes

66
Q

chromosome forms

A

chromatin

chromatid

67
Q

chromatin

A

DNA wrapped around histones
no supercoiling
Most DNA available for transcription
not visible under microscope

68
Q

chromatid

A

nucleosomes supercoiled into compact ‘arms’
DNA packaged for transport not use
condensed chromosomes visible

69
Q

constriction in center of condensed chromatids

A

centromere

70
Q

centromere

A

a region of DNA that binds to cohesin proteins that function to hold sister chromatids together

71
Q

sister chromatids

A

Identical: each chromatid = one of the double helix molecules made by replication
Formed by semi-conservative replication

72
Q

Differential Gene expression

A

Means different cells express different genes

Even though all cells in a body have the exact same DNA

73
Q

example of differential gene expression

A

The gene that codes for making telomerase is in every cell, but is only activated/used in germ cells that make eggs and sperm

74
Q

gene expression can be controlled by

A

bonding functional groups to histones

bonding functionsl groups to DNA

75
Q

bonding functional groups to histones

A

Histone acetylation
encourages use of gene
Histone methylation
inactivates gene

76
Q

Bonding functional groups to the DNA

A

DNA methylation inactivates genes

When methylated genes are replicated the daughter strand will be methylated too…passing on the inactive gene state.

77
Q

What does nuclease do?

A

Cut out error parts in dna proof reading and repair

78
Q

Okazachi fragment

A

Pieces that make up lagging strand

Ap Biology (33 decks)

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