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General Anatomy 1 > Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

What consist the vertebral column?

A 
33 vertebrae 
(7 cervical,
12 thoracic,
5 lumbar, 
5 fused sacral, and 
4 fused coccygeal vertebrae)
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2
Q

Vertebral column:
__ the spinal cord,
__ the weight of the head and trunk, and
allow the movement of __ __ for __ by articulation with the ribs

A

protects,
supports
rib cage,
respiration

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3
Q

Where are the primary curvatures located and when do they develop?

A

located in the thoracic and sacral regions and develop during embryonic and fetal periods

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4
Q

Where are the secondary curvatures located and when do they develop?

A

located in the cervical and lumbar regions and develop after birth and during infancy

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5
Q

What is the shape of primary curvatures?

A

Kyphotic (convex)

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6
Q

What is the shape of secondary curvatures?

A

Lordotic - concave

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7
Q

Why do secondary curvatures develop?

A

Because of the increased mobility in the neck and the lower extremity as a person age

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8
Q

An abnormally increase thoracic curvature resulting from osteoporosis

A

Kyphosis (hunchback or humpback)

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9
Q

An abnormally increased lumbar curvature resulting from trunk muscular weakness or osteomalacia

A

Lordosis (swayback or saddle back)

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10
Q

Lateral deviation resulting from unequal growth of the vertebral column, pathologic erosion of vertebral bodies, or asymmetric paralysis or weakness of vertebral muscles

A

Scoliosis

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11
Q

Who often experiences lordosis?

A

pregnant women

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12
Q

Form the secondary cartilaginous joints between the bodies of two vertebrae from the axis to the sacrum.

A

Intervertebral Disk

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13
Q

Intervertebral Disk serves as a cushion between the vertebrae, to __ __ and to allow __ __

A

prevent too much friction

minimal mobility

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14
Q

Is there a disk between atlas and axis?

A

No

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15
Q

What vertebra have intervertebral disks?

A

axis to sacrum

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16
Q

Which is the collagenous part of intervertebral disk and how is it located?

A

Anulus fibrosus

More peripherally located

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17
Q

Which is the colloid part of intervertebral disk and how is it located?

A

Nucleus pulposus Located centrally

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18
Q

Consists of a body and a vertebral arch with several processes for muscular and articular attachments.

A

Typical Vertebra

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19
Q

A short cylinder, supports weight, and is separated and also bound together by the intervertebral disks, forming the cartilaginous joints.

A

Body

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20
Q

What structures do the body have that serves as attachment for ribs?

A

Costal facets / processes of thoracic vertebrae

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21
Q

How is the vertebral body and vertebral arch located?

A

vertebral body - anterior

vertebral arch - posterior

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22
Q

Generative change due to osteoarthritis of the vertebral joints of the vertebral column

A

Spondylosis

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23
Q

there’s a break in the pars interarticularis but no dislocation

A

Spondylolysis

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24
Q

a forward displacement of one vertebra over another, usually of the fifth lumbar over the body of the sacral 1 (S1), or of the fourth lumbar over the fifth; it is usually due to a development defect or traumatic fracture of the pedicle, lamina, or facets (pars interarticularis).

A

Spondylolisthesis

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25
Q

Results from the softening and collapse of the vertebrae, often causing thoracic kyphosis.

A

Pott disease

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26
Q

Osteoarthritis of vertebral column

A

Spondylosis

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27
Q

Tuberculosis of the spine

A

Pott disease (tuberculosis spondylitis)

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28
Q

What consists the vertebral (neural) arch?

A

paired pedicles

paired laminae

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29
Q

What structures house the spinal cord?

A

Vertebral arch together with the vertebral body

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30
Q

What do vertebral (neural) arch form with the body?

A

vertebral foramen

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31
Q

a developmental anomaly characterized by defective closure of the vertebral arch associated with maternal folic acid deficiency

A

Spina bifida

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32
Q

What is exposed in spina bifida?

A

spinal cord

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33
Q

What is not formed in spina bifida?

A

spinous process

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34
Q
  • internal

Presentation outside: tufts of hair

A

Spina bifida occulta

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35
Q
  • meninges

Presentation outside: fluid-like

A

Meningocele

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36
Q

worst presentation and prognosis

A
  • Meningomyelocele/

myelomeningocele

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37
Q

Why is myelomeningocele the worst presentation and prognosis?

A

Spinal cord is already protruding

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38
Q

Projects posteriorly from the junction of two laminae of the vertebral arch

A

Spinous Process

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39
Q

What is the orientation of the spinous process in cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions?

A

Bifid in the cervical region,
spine-like in the thoracic region, and
oblong in the lumbar region

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40
Q

Project laterally on each side from the junction of the pedicle and the lamina

A

Transverse Processes

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41
Q

What do the transverse processes articulate with in the thoracic region?

A

tubercles of ribs 1 to 10

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42
Q

What foramina does the cervical region have?

A

transverse foramina

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43
Q

Two superior and two inferior projections from the junction of the laminae and pedicles

A

Articular Processes (Facets)

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44
Q

What do the articular processes that articulate with the articular processes (facets) above or below form?

A

plane synovial joints

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45
Q

Tubercles on the superior articular processes of the lumbar vertebrae.

A

Mamillary Processes

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46
Q

Project backward from the base of the transverse process and lateral and inferior to the mamillary process of a lumbar vertebra.

A

Accessory Processes

47
Q

Collectively form the vertebral canal and transmit the spinal cord with its meningeal coverings, nerve roots, and associated vessels.

A

Vertebral Foramina

48
Q

What forms the vertebral foramina?

A

vertebral bodies and vertebral arches (pedicles and laminae)

49
Q

Transmit the spinal nerves and accompanying vessels as they exit the vertebral canal.

A

Intervertebral Foramen

50
Q

Where is the Intervertebral Foramen located?

A

Located between the inferior and superior (vertebral notch) surfaces of the pedicles of adjacent vertebrae

51
Q

Transmit the (vertebral vessels) vertebral artery (except for C7), vertebral veins, and autonomic nerves.

A

Transverse Foramina

52
Q

Where is Transverse Foramina present?

A

Present in transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae.

53
Q

Which cervical vertebra are typical and which are atypical?

A

typical - C3-C6

atypical - C1, C2, C7

54
Q

Which structure is unique to the cervical vertebra?

A

transverse foramen

55
Q

What is the function of the atlas?

A

Supports the skull

56
Q

What characterizes the atlas?

A

Has no body and no spine but consists of anterior and posterior arches and two lateral masses

57
Q

Atlas articulates superiorly with the occipital condyles of the skull to form?

A

atlantooccipital joints

58
Q

What movement does atlantooccipital joints do?

A

“Yes” joint (nodding)

59
Q

Which structure is unique to the axis?

A

dens (odontoid process)

60
Q

What is the widest of the cervical vertebrae?

A

Atlas

61
Q

What has the smallest transverse process?

A

Axis

62
Q

which projects superiorly from the body of the axis and articulates with the anterior arch of the atlas, forming the pivot around which the atlas routes?

A

dens (odontoid process)

63
Q

Atlas articulates inferiorly with the axis to form?

A

atlantoaxial joints

64
Q

What movement does AO joints do?

A

“No” joint

65
Q

What is the reason for the rotation of the head?

A

Atlantoaxial Joint/ Atlas and Axis Articulation

66
Q

What ligaments support the dens?

A

cruciform,
apical, and
alar ligaments and
the tectorial membrane.

67
Q

What comprises the cruciform ligament?

A

Superior longitudinal fibers
Transverse ligament of atlas
inferior longitudinal fibers

68
Q

Occurs by strong vertical forces as would result from a blow to the top of the head or striking the bottom of a shallow pool in diving accident

A

Jefferson fracture

69
Q

Which vertebra is the Jefferson fracture?

A

Atlas

70
Q

Occur as a result of hyperextension injury of the head

A

Hangman fracture

71
Q

Which vertebra is the Hangman fracture?

A

Axis

72
Q

Called the vertebra prominens

A

C7 - seventh cervical vertebra

73
Q

What do the C7 provide?

A

an attachment site for the ligament nuchae, supraspinous ligaments, and numerous backmuscles

74
Q

Have a transverse processes that articulates with the tubercle of the corresponding rib.

A

Thoracic Vertebrae

75
Q

What do the superior costal facet on the body articulates with?

A

head of the corresponding rib

76
Q

What do the inferior costal facet on the body articulates with?

A

subjacent rib

77
Q

Which are the typical thoracic vertebrae and which are the atypical?

A

typical - T2-T8

atypical - T1, T9, T10, T11, T12

78
Q

What structures are unique to thoracic vertebra?

A

Superior and inferior costal facets

79
Q

What structures serves as attachment of rib?

A

Facet of the transverse process

costal facet

80
Q

To which vertebral body is the body of thoracic vertebra bigger?

A

body of cervical vertebra

81
Q

where do tubercle of rib attach?

A

Transverse Process costal facet

82
Q

Why is T1 atypical?

A

Because the costal facet for T1 is complete.

83
Q

complete costal facet on pedicle and body; may have costal facet on transverse process

A

T10

84
Q

costal facet on each pedicle; no costal facets on transverse processes

A

T11, T12

85
Q

What are Rib 11 and 12?

A

floating ribs

- These have no attachments anteriorly and posteriorly on transverse processes

86
Q

Distinguished by their large bodies (kidney-shaped), sturdy laminae, and absence of costal facets.

A

Lumbar Vertebrae

87
Q

What has the largest body of vertebrae?

A

L5

88
Q

Which are typical lumbar vertebra and which are atypical?

A

typical - L1-L4

atypical - L5

89
Q

What is the shape of the vertebral foramen of lumbar vertebrae and to what is it bigger or smaller?

A

Triangular
bigger than in thoracic vertebrae
smaller than in cervical vertebrae

90
Q

Where is mamillary process located and its function?

A

superior articular process

Serves as an attachment of back muscles in lumbar region

91
Q

Where is accessory process located?

A

transverse process

92
Q

A large, triangular, wedge-shaped bone composed of five fused sacral vertebrae.

A

Sacrum

93
Q

Sacrum forms the __ part of the pelvis and provides strength and __ __ __.

A

posterior

stability to pelvis

94
Q

The prominent anterior edge of the first sacral vertebra

A

Promontory

95
Q

The superior and lateral part of the sacrum, which is formed by the fused transverse processes and fused costal processes of the first sacral vertebra

A

Ala

96
Q

Formed by the fused spinous processes

A

Median sacral crest

97
Q

Formed by the failure of the laminae of the vertebra S5 to fuse.

A

Sacral hiatus

98
Q

Formed by the pedicles of the fifth sacral vertebra. It is an important landmark for locating the sacral hiatus.

A

Sacral cornu or horn

99
Q

It is used for the administration of caudal (extradural) anesthesia.

A

sacral hiatus

100
Q

Comprise one-fourth (25%) of the length of the vertebral column.

A

Intervertebral Disk

101
Q

True or false:

Intervertebral Disks are avascular.

A

true

102
Q

How to Intervertebral Disk act as a shock absorber?

A

by equalizing pressure

103
Q

A remnant of embryonic notochord and is situated in the central portion of the intervertebral disk

A

Nucleus Pulposus

104
Q

Nucleus Pulposus may __ or protrude through the annulus fibrosus, thereby impinging on the roots of the spinal nerve.

A

herniate

105
Q

Consists of concentric layers of fibrous tissue and fibrocartilage which binds the vertebral column together, retains the nucleus pulposus, and permits a limited amount of movement

A

Annulus Fibrosus

106
Q

Protrusion of the nucleus pulposus, which can exert pressure on the surrounding neural structure, hence, pain

A

Herniated (slipped) disk

107
Q

What are the most common locations of herniated disk?

A

between L4 & L5

between L5 & S1

108
Q

Runs from the skull (occipital bone) to the sacrum on the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral disks.

A

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL)

109
Q

Interconnects the vertebral bodies and intervertebral disks posteriorly and narrows as it descends

A

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (PLL)

110
Q

Connects the laminae of the two adjacent vertebrae and functions to maintain the upright posture

A

Ligamentum Flavum

111
Q

A triangular-shaped median fibrous septum between the muscles on the two sides of the posterior aspect of the neck

A

Ligamentum Nuchae (Back of Neck)

112
Q

(between two adjacent spinous processes) ligament

A

interspinous ligament

113
Q

(between two adjacent transverse processes) ligament

A

intertransverse ligament

114
Q

(between tips of two adjacent spinous processes) ligaments

A

supraspinous ligament

General Anatomy 1 (31 decks)

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