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General Anatomy 1 > Pericardium and Heart (Part 3) > Flashcards

Pericardium and Heart (Part 3) Flashcards

1
Q

A fibroserous sac that encloses the heart and the roots of the great vessels and occupies the middle mediastinum

A

Pericardium

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2
Q

What composed Pericardium?

A

fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium

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3
Q

Where does pericardium receive blood?

A

from the pericardiophrenic, bronchial, and esophageal arteries

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4
Q

What innervates pericardium?

A

vasomotor and sensory fibers from the phrenic and vagus nerves and the sympathetic trunks

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5
Q

A strong, dense, fibrous layer that blends with the adventitia of the roots of the great vessels and central tendon of the diaphragm

A

Fibrous Pericardium

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6
Q

Consists of the parietal layer, which lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium, and the visceral layer, which forms the outer layer (epicardium) of the heart wall and the roots of the great vessels

A

Serous Pericardium

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7
Q

lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium

A

parietal layer

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8
Q

forms the outer layer (epicardium) of the heart wall and the roots of the great vessels

A

visceral layer,

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9
Q

Potential space between the visceral layer of the serous pericardium (epicardium) and the parietal layer of the serous pericardium lining the inner surfaces of the fibrous pericardium

A

Pericardial Cavity

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10
Q

A subdivision of the pericardial sac, lying posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk, anterior to the SVC, and superior to the left atrium and the pulmonary veins

A

Transverse Sinus

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11
Q

Great importance to the cardiac surgeon because while performing surgery on the aorta or pulmonary artery, a surgeon can pass a finger and make a ligature through the sinus between the arteries and veins, thus stopping the blood circulation with the ligature

A

Transverse Sinus

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12
Q

A subdivision of the pericardial sac behind the heart, surrounded by the reflection of the serous pericardium around the right and left pulmonary veins and the inferior vena cava

A

Oblique Sinus

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13
Q

inflammation of the pericardium

A

Pericarditis

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14
Q

inflammation of the myocardium

A

Myocarditis

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15
Q

acute compression of the heart cause of a rapid accumulation of fluid or blood

A

Cardiac tamponade

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16
Q

accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space

A

Pericardial effusion

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17
Q

a surgical puncture of the pericardial cavity

A

Pericardiocentesis

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18
Q

Where is the landmark of Pericardiocentesis?

A

fifth intercostal space left to the sternum

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19
Q

Other term for pericardial effusion

A

“water-bottle” appearance

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20
Q

Normal cardiothoracic ratio

A

0.5

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21
Q

Systematic circulation (Heart Circulation)

A

SVC/IVC - RA - TV - RV - PV - PT/PA - PV - LA - MV - LV - AV - AA - body

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22
Q

What are the branches of arteries of the aortic arch?

A

left subclavian artery
left common carotid artery
brachiocephalic trunk

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23
Q

Where is brachiocephalic trunk located and what are its branches?

A

Only in the right
right subclavian artery
right common carotid artery

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24
Q

blunt rounded extremity of the heart

A

apex

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25
Q

What forms the apex?

A

left ventricle

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26
Q

Where is the apex?

A

fifth intercostal space slightly medial to the midclavicular (or nipple) line

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27
Q

What is the location of apex useful clinically for?

A

left border of the heart

auscultating the mitral valve

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28
Q

What is the posterior aspect of the heart?

A

Base

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29
Q

What forms the base?

A

left atrium

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30
Q

What forms the right (acute) border of the heart?

A

SVC,
right atrium, and
IVC

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31
Q

What forms the left (obtuse) border of the heart?

A

left ventricle

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32
Q

What forms the left border of heart in chest x-ray?

A

aortic arch,
pulmonary trunk,
left auricle, and
left ventricle

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33
Q

What are the layers of the heart wall?

A

endocardium,
myocardium, and
epicardium

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34
Q

a groove on the external surface of the right atrium, marks the junction of the primitive sinus venosus with the atrium in the embryo and corresponds to a ridge on the internal heart surface, the crista terminalis

A

Sulcus terminalis

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35
Q

a groove on the external surface of the heart, marks the division between the atria and the ventricles.

A

Coronary sulcus

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36
Q

the point at which the interventricular and interatrial sulci cross the coronary sulcus

A

crux

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37
Q

What are the inferior borders of the heart?

A

Left and right ventricle

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38
Q

What are the superior borders of the heart?

A

Right and left atrium and the great vessels

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39
Q

What is the anterior (sternocostal) surface of the heart?

A

Right ventricle

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40
Q

What is the inferior (diaphragmatic) surface of the heart?

A

Left and right ventricle

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41
Q

Serves to differentiate the smooth area of right atrium to the pectinate area (rough area)

A

Crista terminales

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42
Q

What separates the atria and ventricles?

A

Coronary sulcus

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43
Q

What contains the coronary sulcus?

A

right coronary artery
small cardiac vein
coronary sinus
circumflex artery

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44
Q

What is atrioventricular groove?

A

groove between the atria and ventricles

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45
Q

What is the interventricular groove?

A

groove between the ventricles

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46
Q

Meeting point of IA groove, post AV groove, and post IV groove?

A

Crux

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47
Q

What is the artery in the right atrioventricular groove?

A

Right coronary artery

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48
Q

What is the artery

between anterior interventricular groove?

A

LADA or left anterior descending artery/ anterior interventricular branch

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49
Q

What is a common site for myocardial infraction?

A

LADA or left anterior descending artery/ anterior interventricular branch

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50
Q

It is the contour of the heart and great vessels seen on posterior-anterior (P-A) chest radiographs.

A

cardiovascular silhouette, or cardiac shadow

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51
Q

What is the right border of heart in P-A chest x-ray?

A

SVC,
right atrium, and
IVC

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52
Q

What is the left border of heart in P-A chest x-ray?

A

aortic arch (which produces the aortic knob),
pulmonary trunk,
left auricle,
left ventricle.

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53
Q

What is the inferior border of heart in P-A chest x-ray?

A

Right ventricle

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54
Q

Has an anteriorly situated rough-walled atrium proper and the auricle lined with pectinate muscles and a posteriorly situated smooth-walled sinus venarum, into which the two venae cavae open

A

Right atrium

55
Q

What is the anterior rough wall?

A

atrium proper

56
Q

What is the posterior smooth wall?

A

sinus venarum

57
Q

What separates the sinus venarum and atrium proper?

A

Crista terminalis

58
Q

Larger but thinner wall

A

Right atrium

59
Q

How is the pressure of right atrium?

A

lower than left atrium

60
Q

Contains the valve (Eustachian) of the IVC and the valve (Thebesian) of the coronary sinus

A

Right atrium

61
Q

The conical muscular pouch of the upper anterior portion of the right atrium, which covers the first part of the right coronary artery

A

Right auricle

62
Q

A posteriorly situated, smooth-walled area that is separated from the more muscular atrium proper by the crista terminalis

A

Sinus Venarum (Sinus Venarum Cavarum)

63
Q

Where does the sinus venarum develop?

A

embryonic sinus venosus

64
Q

What structures drain in the sinus venarum?

A

SVC,
IVC,
coronary sinus, and
anterior cardiac veins

65
Q

Prominent ridges of atrial myocardium located in the interior of both auricles and the right atrium

A

Pectinate Muscles

66
Q

Vertical muscular ridge running anteriorly along the right atrial wall from the opening of the SVC to the opening of the IVC, providing the origin of the pectinate muscles

A

Crista Terminalis

67
Q

Represents the junction between the primitive sinus venarum (a smooth-walled region) and the right atrium proper and is indicated externally by the sulcus terminalis

A

Crista Terminalis

68
Q

What is the external indication of Crista Terminalis?

A

sulcus terminalis

69
Q

The smallest cardiac veins, which begin in the substance of the heart (endocardium and innermost layer of the myocardium) and end chiefly in the atria at the foramina venarum minimarum cordis

A

Venae Cordis Minimae

70
Q

Where does venae cordis minimae end?

A

in the atria at the foramina venarum minimarum cordis

71
Q

An oval-shaped depression in the interatrial septum and represents the site of the foramen ovale, through which blood runs from the right atrium to the left atrium before birth.

A

Fossa Ovalis

72
Q

The upper rounded margin of the fossa is called?

A

limbus fossa ovale

73
Q

Which connects the right atrium to left atrium before birth?

A

foramen ovale

74
Q

What is the opening of the IVC?

A

Eustachian valve

75
Q

What is the opening of the coronary sinus?

A

Thebesian valve

76
Q

Why doesn’t the SVC have a valve and the IVC does?

A

IVC has valves to prevent backflow

77
Q

How are the walls of left atrium?

A

smaller and thicker walls

78
Q

What mostly makes up the walls of left atrium?

A

Smooth walls except for a few pectinate muscles in the auricle.

79
Q

the most posterior of the four chambers

A

Left atrium

80
Q

What is anterior to the esophagus?

A

Left atrium

81
Q

Receives oxygenated blood through four pulmonary veins

A

Left atrium

82
Q

Makes up the major portion of the anterior (sternocostal) surface of the heart.

A

Right Ventricle

83
Q

Are anastomosing muscular ridges of myocardium in the ventricles

A

Trabeculae Carneae Cordis

84
Q

right ventricle counterpart of the pectinate muscles of the right atrium

A

Trabeculae Carneae Cordis

85
Q

Are cone-shaped muscles enveloped by endocardium.

A

Papillary Muscles

86
Q

Extend from the anterior and posterior ventricular walls and the septum, and their apices are attached to the chordae tendineae

A

Papillary Muscles

87
Q

Contract to tighten the chordae tendineae, preventing the cusps of the tricuspid valve from being everted into the atrium

A

Papillary Muscles

88
Q

Extend from one papillary muscle to more than one cusp of the tricuspid valve.

A

Chordae Tendineae

89
Q

Prevent eversion of the valve cusps into the atrium during ventricular contractions (systole)

A

Chordae Tendineae

90
Q

Is the upper smooth-walled portion of the right ventricle, which leads to the pulmonary trunk.

A

Conus Arteriosus (Infundibulum)

91
Q

Is an isolated band of trabeculae carneae that forms a bridge between the intraventricular (IV) septum and the base of the anterior papillary muscle of the anterior wall of the right ventricle.

A

Septomarginal Trabecula (Moderator Band)

92
Q

prevent overdistention of the ventricle and carries the right limb (Purkinje fibers) of the atrioventricular (AV) bundle from the septum to the sternocostal wall of the ventricle.

A

Septomarginal Trabecula (Moderator Band)

93
Q

Unique to right ventricle

A

Septomarginal Trabecula (Moderator Band)

94
Q

the place of origin of the septal papillary muscle

A

IV Septum

95
Q

a common site of ventricular septal defects (VSDs)

A

small membranous upper part of IV Septum

96
Q

Lies at the back of the heart, and its apex is directed downward, forward, and toward the left.

A

Left Ventricle

97
Q

Left ventricle contains two papillary muscles (anterior and posterior) with their chordae tendineae and a meshwork of muscular ridges, the?

A

trabeculae carneae cordis

98
Q

Performs harder work, has a thicker (two to three times as thick) wall, and is longer, narrower, and more conical-shaped

A

Left Ventricle

99
Q

How is the Left Ventricle divided?

A

ventricle proper

aortic vestibule

100
Q

a necrosis of the myocardium because the oxygen supply to heart is not enough

A

Myocardial infarction

101
Q

attacks of chest pain originating in the heart (general term) and felt beneath sternum due to insufficient supply of oxygen to the heart muscle

A

Angina pectoris

102
Q

Lies behind the medial end of the left third costal cartilage and adjoining part of the sternum.

A

Pulmonary Valve (semilunar valve)

103
Q

Where is pulmonary valve most audible?

A

left second intercostal space

104
Q

opened by ventricular systole and shut slightly after closure of the aortic valve

A

Pulmonary Valve (semilunar valve)

105
Q

Lies behind the left half of the sternum opposite the third intercostal space.

A

Aortic Valve (semilunar valve)

106
Q

Where is aortic valve most audible?

A

right second intercostal space

107
Q

its closure at the beginning of ventricular diastole causes the second (“dub”) heart sound.

A

Aortic Valve (semilunar valve)

108
Q

Lies between the right atrium and ventricle, behind the

A

Tricuspid (Right AV) Valve

109
Q

Where is tricuspid valve most audible?

A

left lower part of the body of the sternum

110
Q

its closure contributes to the first (“lub”) heart sound.

A

Tricuspid (Right AV) Valve

111
Q

called the mitral valve because it is shaped like a bishop’s miter

A

Bicuspid (Left AV) Valve

112
Q

Lies between the left atrium and ventricle, behind the left half of the sternum at the fourth costal cartilage, and has two cusps: a larger anterior and a smaller posterior.

A

Bicuspid (Left AV) Valve

113
Q

its closure at the onset of ventricular systole causes the first (“lub”) heart sound.

A

Bicuspid (Left AV) Valve

114
Q

Where is bicuspid valve most audible?

A

apical region of the heart in the left fifth intercostal space at the midclavicular line.

115
Q

closed slightly before the tricuspid valve by the ventricular contraction (systole)

A

Bicuspid (Left AV) Valve

116
Q

closed during the ventricular systole (contraction)

A

Tricuspid (Right AV) Valve

117
Q

closed during ventricular diastole

A

Aortic Valve (semilunar valve)

118
Q

inflammation of endocardium

A

Endocarditis

119
Q

Sound generated by turbulence of blood flow through an orifice of the heart

A

Cardiac murmur

120
Q

Caused by the closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves at the onset of ventricular systole

A

First (“Lub”) Sound

121
Q

Caused by the closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves (and vibration of walls of the heart and major vessels) at the onset of ventricular diastole

A

Second (“Dub”) Sound

122
Q

composed of modified, specialized cardiac muscle cells that lie immediately beneath the endocardium and carry impulses throughout the cardiac muscle

A

Conducting System of the Heart

123
Q

Is a small mass of specialized cardiac muscle fibers that lies in the myocardium at the upper end of the crista terminalis near the opening of the SVC in the right atrium

A

Sinoatrial Node

124
Q

known as the pacemaker of the heart and initiates the heartbeat

A

Sinoatrial Node

125
Q

What supplies Sinoatrial Node?

A

sinus node artery

126
Q

What branch is sinus node artery in?

A

right coronary artery

127
Q

Lies in the septal wall of the right atrium, superior and medial to the opening of the coronary sinus in the right atrium, receives the impulse from the sinoatrial (SA) node and passes it to the AV bundle.

A

AV Node

128
Q

What supplies AV Node and where does it arise?

A

AV nodal artery

arises from the right coronary artery

129
Q

innervated by autonomic nerve fibers, although the cardiac muscle fibers lack motor endings

A

AV Node

130
Q

Begins at the AV node and runs along the membranous part of the interventricular septum.

A

AV Bundle (Bundle of His)

131
Q

Splits into right and left branches, which descend into the muscular part of the interventricular septum, and breaks up into terminal conducting fibers (Purkinje fibers) to spread out into the ventricular walls

A

AV Bundle (Bundle of His)

132
Q

asynchronous contraction of heart

A

arrhythmia

133
Q

heart block

A

Damage to the conducting system

General Anatomy 1 (31 decks)

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