Pericardium and Heart (Part 3) Flashcards
1
Q
A fibroserous sac that encloses the heart and the roots of the great vessels and occupies the middle mediastinum
A
Pericardium
2
Q
What composed Pericardium?
A
fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium
3
Q
Where does pericardium receive blood?
A
from the pericardiophrenic, bronchial, and esophageal arteries
4
Q
What innervates pericardium?
A
vasomotor and sensory fibers from the phrenic and vagus nerves and the sympathetic trunks
5
Q
A strong, dense, fibrous layer that blends with the adventitia of the roots of the great vessels and central tendon of the diaphragm
A
Fibrous Pericardium
6
Q
Consists of the parietal layer, which lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium, and the visceral layer, which forms the outer layer (epicardium) of the heart wall and the roots of the great vessels
A
Serous Pericardium
7
Q
lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
A
parietal layer
8
Q
forms the outer layer (epicardium) of the heart wall and the roots of the great vessels
A
visceral layer,
9
Q
Potential space between the visceral layer of the serous pericardium (epicardium) and the parietal layer of the serous pericardium lining the inner surfaces of the fibrous pericardium
A
Pericardial Cavity
10
Q
A subdivision of the pericardial sac, lying posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk, anterior to the SVC, and superior to the left atrium and the pulmonary veins
A
Transverse Sinus
11
Q
Great importance to the cardiac surgeon because while performing surgery on the aorta or pulmonary artery, a surgeon can pass a finger and make a ligature through the sinus between the arteries and veins, thus stopping the blood circulation with the ligature
A
Transverse Sinus
12
Q
A subdivision of the pericardial sac behind the heart, surrounded by the reflection of the serous pericardium around the right and left pulmonary veins and the inferior vena cava
A
Oblique Sinus
13
Q
inflammation of the pericardium
A
Pericarditis
14
Q
inflammation of the myocardium
A
Myocarditis
15
Q
acute compression of the heart cause of a rapid accumulation of fluid or blood
A
Cardiac tamponade
16
Q
accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space
A
Pericardial effusion
17
Q
a surgical puncture of the pericardial cavity
A
Pericardiocentesis
18
Q
Where is the landmark of Pericardiocentesis?
A
fifth intercostal space left to the sternum
19
Q
Other term for pericardial effusion
A
“water-bottle” appearance
20
Q
Normal cardiothoracic ratio
A
0.5
21
Q
Systematic circulation (Heart Circulation)
A
SVC/IVC - RA - TV - RV - PV - PT/PA - PV - LA - MV - LV - AV - AA - body
22
Q
What are the branches of arteries of the aortic arch?
A
left subclavian artery
left common carotid artery
brachiocephalic trunk
23
Q
Where is brachiocephalic trunk located and what are its branches?
A
Only in the right
right subclavian artery
right common carotid artery
24
Q
blunt rounded extremity of the heart
A
apex
25
What forms the apex?
left ventricle
26
Where is the apex?
fifth intercostal space slightly medial to the midclavicular (or nipple) line
27
What is the location of apex useful clinically for?
left border of the heart
| auscultating the mitral valve
28
What is the posterior aspect of the heart?
Base
29
What forms the base?
left atrium
30
What forms the right (acute) border of the heart?
SVC,
right atrium, and
IVC
31
What forms the left (obtuse) border of the heart?
left ventricle
32
What forms the left border of heart in chest x-ray?
aortic arch,
pulmonary trunk,
left auricle, and
left ventricle
33
What are the layers of the heart wall?
endocardium,
myocardium, and
epicardium
34
a groove on the external surface of the right atrium, marks the junction of the primitive sinus venosus with the atrium in the embryo and corresponds to a ridge on the internal heart surface, the crista terminalis
Sulcus terminalis
35
a groove on the external surface of the heart, marks the division between the atria and the ventricles.
Coronary sulcus
36
the point at which the interventricular and interatrial sulci cross the coronary sulcus
crux
37
What are the inferior borders of the heart?
Left and right ventricle
38
What are the superior borders of the heart?
Right and left atrium and the great vessels
39
What is the anterior (sternocostal) surface of the heart?
Right ventricle
40
What is the inferior (diaphragmatic) surface of the heart?
Left and right ventricle
41
Serves to differentiate the smooth area of right atrium to the pectinate area (rough area)
Crista terminales
42
What separates the atria and ventricles?
Coronary sulcus
43
What contains the coronary sulcus?
right coronary artery
small cardiac vein
coronary sinus
circumflex artery
44
What is atrioventricular groove?
groove between the atria and ventricles
45
What is the interventricular groove?
groove between the ventricles
46
Meeting point of IA groove, post AV groove, and post IV groove?
Crux
47
What is the artery in the right atrioventricular groove?
Right coronary artery
48
What is the artery
| between anterior interventricular groove?
LADA or left anterior descending artery/ anterior interventricular branch
49
What is a common site for myocardial infraction?
LADA or left anterior descending artery/ anterior interventricular branch
50
It is the contour of the heart and great vessels seen on posterior-anterior (P-A) chest radiographs.
cardiovascular silhouette, or cardiac shadow
51
What is the right border of heart in P-A chest x-ray?
SVC,
right atrium, and
IVC
52
What is the left border of heart in P-A chest x-ray?
aortic arch (which produces the aortic knob),
pulmonary trunk,
left auricle,
left ventricle.
53
What is the inferior border of heart in P-A chest x-ray?
Right ventricle
54
Has an anteriorly situated rough-walled atrium proper and the auricle lined with pectinate muscles and a posteriorly situated smooth-walled sinus venarum, into which the two venae cavae open
Right atrium
55
What is the anterior rough wall?
atrium proper
56
What is the posterior smooth wall?
sinus venarum
57
What separates the sinus venarum and atrium proper?
Crista terminalis
58
Larger but thinner wall
Right atrium
59
How is the pressure of right atrium?
lower than left atrium
60
Contains the valve (Eustachian) of the IVC and the valve (Thebesian) of the coronary sinus
Right atrium
61
The conical muscular pouch of the upper anterior portion of the right atrium, which covers the first part of the right coronary artery
Right auricle
62
A posteriorly situated, smooth-walled area that is separated from the more muscular atrium proper by the crista terminalis
Sinus Venarum (Sinus Venarum Cavarum)
63
Where does the sinus venarum develop?
embryonic sinus venosus
64
What structures drain in the sinus venarum?
SVC,
IVC,
coronary sinus, and
anterior cardiac veins
65
Prominent ridges of atrial myocardium located in the interior of both auricles and the right atrium
Pectinate Muscles
66
Vertical muscular ridge running anteriorly along the right atrial wall from the opening of the SVC to the opening of the IVC, providing the origin of the pectinate muscles
Crista Terminalis
67
Represents the junction between the primitive sinus venarum (a smooth-walled region) and the right atrium proper and is indicated externally by the sulcus terminalis
Crista Terminalis
68
What is the external indication of Crista Terminalis?
sulcus terminalis
69
The smallest cardiac veins, which begin in the substance of the heart (endocardium and innermost layer of the myocardium) and end chiefly in the atria at the foramina venarum minimarum cordis
Venae Cordis Minimae
70
Where does venae cordis minimae end?
in the atria at the foramina venarum minimarum cordis
71
An oval-shaped depression in the interatrial septum and represents the site of the foramen ovale, through which blood runs from the right atrium to the left atrium before birth.
Fossa Ovalis
72
The upper rounded margin of the fossa is called?
limbus fossa ovale
73
Which connects the right atrium to left atrium before birth?
foramen ovale
74
What is the opening of the IVC?
Eustachian valve
75
What is the opening of the coronary sinus?
Thebesian valve
76
Why doesn't the SVC have a valve and the IVC does?
IVC has valves to prevent backflow
77
How are the walls of left atrium?
smaller and thicker walls
78
What mostly makes up the walls of left atrium?
Smooth walls except for a few pectinate muscles in the auricle.
79
the most posterior of the four chambers
Left atrium
80
What is anterior to the esophagus?
Left atrium
81
Receives oxygenated blood through four pulmonary veins
Left atrium
82
Makes up the major portion of the anterior (sternocostal) surface of the heart.
Right Ventricle
83
Are anastomosing muscular ridges of myocardium in the ventricles
Trabeculae Carneae Cordis
84
right ventricle counterpart of the pectinate muscles of the right atrium
Trabeculae Carneae Cordis
85
Are cone-shaped muscles enveloped by endocardium.
Papillary Muscles
86
Extend from the anterior and posterior ventricular walls and the septum, and their apices are attached to the chordae tendineae
Papillary Muscles
87
Contract to tighten the chordae tendineae, preventing the cusps of the tricuspid valve from being everted into the atrium
Papillary Muscles
88
Extend from one papillary muscle to more than one cusp of the tricuspid valve.
Chordae Tendineae
89
Prevent eversion of the valve cusps into the atrium during ventricular contractions (systole)
Chordae Tendineae
90
Is the upper smooth-walled portion of the right ventricle, which leads to the pulmonary trunk.
Conus Arteriosus (Infundibulum)
91
Is an isolated band of trabeculae carneae that forms a bridge between the intraventricular (IV) septum and the base of the anterior papillary muscle of the anterior wall of the right ventricle.
Septomarginal Trabecula (Moderator Band)
92
prevent overdistention of the ventricle and carries the right limb (Purkinje fibers) of the atrioventricular (AV) bundle from the septum to the sternocostal wall of the ventricle.
Septomarginal Trabecula (Moderator Band)
93
Unique to right ventricle
Septomarginal Trabecula (Moderator Band)
94
the place of origin of the septal papillary muscle
IV Septum
95
a common site of ventricular septal defects (VSDs)
small membranous upper part of IV Septum
96
Lies at the back of the heart, and its apex is directed downward, forward, and toward the left.
Left Ventricle
97
Left ventricle contains two papillary muscles (anterior and posterior) with their chordae tendineae and a meshwork of muscular ridges, the?
trabeculae carneae cordis
98
Performs harder work, has a thicker (two to three times as thick) wall, and is longer, narrower, and more conical-shaped
Left Ventricle
99
How is the Left Ventricle divided?
ventricle proper
| aortic vestibule
100
a necrosis of the myocardium because the oxygen supply to heart is not enough
Myocardial infarction
101
attacks of chest pain originating in the heart (general term) and felt beneath sternum due to insufficient supply of oxygen to the heart muscle
Angina pectoris
102
Lies behind the medial end of the left third costal cartilage and adjoining part of the sternum.
Pulmonary Valve (semilunar valve)
103
Where is pulmonary valve most audible?
left second intercostal space
104
opened by ventricular systole and shut slightly after closure of the aortic valve
Pulmonary Valve (semilunar valve)
105
Lies behind the left half of the sternum opposite the third intercostal space.
Aortic Valve (semilunar valve)
106
Where is aortic valve most audible?
right second intercostal space
107
its closure at the beginning of ventricular diastole causes the second ("dub") heart sound.
Aortic Valve (semilunar valve)
108
Lies between the right atrium and ventricle, behind the
Tricuspid (Right AV) Valve
109
Where is tricuspid valve most audible?
left lower part of the body of the sternum
110
its closure contributes to the first ("lub") heart sound.
Tricuspid (Right AV) Valve
111
called the mitral valve because it is shaped like a bishop's miter
Bicuspid (Left AV) Valve
112
Lies between the left atrium and ventricle, behind the left half of the sternum at the fourth costal cartilage, and has two cusps: a larger anterior and a smaller posterior.
Bicuspid (Left AV) Valve
113
its closure at the onset of ventricular systole causes the first ("lub") heart sound.
Bicuspid (Left AV) Valve
114
Where is bicuspid valve most audible?
apical region of the heart in the left fifth intercostal space at the midclavicular line.
115
closed slightly before the tricuspid valve by the ventricular contraction (systole)
Bicuspid (Left AV) Valve
116
closed during the ventricular systole (contraction)
Tricuspid (Right AV) Valve
117
closed during ventricular diastole
Aortic Valve (semilunar valve)
118
inflammation of endocardium
Endocarditis
119
Sound generated by turbulence of blood flow through an orifice of the heart
Cardiac murmur
120
Caused by the closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves at the onset of ventricular systole
First ("Lub") Sound
121
Caused by the closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves (and vibration of walls of the heart and major vessels) at the onset of ventricular diastole
Second ("Dub") Sound
122
composed of modified, specialized cardiac muscle cells that lie immediately beneath the endocardium and carry impulses throughout the cardiac muscle
Conducting System of the Heart
123
Is a small mass of specialized cardiac muscle fibers that lies in the myocardium at the upper end of the crista terminalis near the opening of the SVC in the right atrium
Sinoatrial Node
124
known as the pacemaker of the heart and initiates the heartbeat
Sinoatrial Node
125
What supplies Sinoatrial Node?
sinus node artery
126
What branch is sinus node artery in?
right coronary artery
127
Lies in the septal wall of the right atrium, superior and medial to the opening of the coronary sinus in the right atrium, receives the impulse from the sinoatrial (SA) node and passes it to the AV bundle.
AV Node
128
What supplies AV Node and where does it arise?
AV nodal artery
| arises from the right coronary artery
129
innervated by autonomic nerve fibers, although the cardiac muscle fibers lack motor endings
AV Node
130
Begins at the AV node and runs along the membranous part of the interventricular septum.
AV Bundle (Bundle of His)
131
Splits into right and left branches, which descend into the muscular part of the interventricular septum, and breaks up into terminal conducting fibers (Purkinje fibers) to spread out into the ventricular walls
AV Bundle (Bundle of His)
132
asynchronous contraction of heart
arrhythmia
133
heart block
Damage to the conducting system
