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General Anatomy 1 > Anterior Abdominal Wall > Flashcards

Anterior Abdominal Wall Flashcards

1
Q

What level is the xiphisternal joint?

A

T9

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2
Q

What level is the xiphisternal process?

A

T10

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3
Q

What is the lateral limit of rectus abdominis?

A

Linea semilunaris/ semilunar line

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4
Q

Segment rectus abdominis and connect to anterior wall of aponeurotic coverings to prevent bowstringing

A

Tendinous intersections

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5
Q

a midline tendinous line from xiphisternum to pubic symphysis where the aponeuroses of the abdominal muscles meet?

A

Linea alba “white line”

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6
Q

All layers of the wall fuse at this level (L3-L4)

A

Umbilicus

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7
Q

what are the vertical lines in abdomen?

A

Midline, midclavicular line

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8
Q

What are the horizontal planes in abdomen?

A

Transpyloric Planes
Subcostal plane
Intercristal plane
Intertubercular plane

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9
Q

Where does transpyloric plane passes?

A

tips of 9th costal cartilages on both sides

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10
Q

Where does transpyloric plane lie?

A 
L1 vertebra
pylorus of the stomach
duodenojejunal function
neck of pancreas
hila of kidneys
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11
Q

Joins lowest point of costal margin on both sides that is the 10th costal cartilage

A

Subcostal Plane

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12
Q

What level is the Subcostal Plane?

A

L3 vertebra

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13
Q

Passes across highest points on iliac crests

A

Intercristal Plane

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14
Q

At what level is the Intercristal Plane?

A

L4 vertebra

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15
Q

What procedure is commonly done at the level of L4?

A

Lumbar spine tap

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16
Q

Joins tubercles on iliac crests

A

Intertubercular Plane

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17
Q

What level is the Intertubercular Plane?

A

L5 vertebra

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18
Q

Divided topographically by two transverse and two longitudinal planes into nine regions

A

Abdomen

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19
Q

Also divided by vertical and horizontal planes through the umbilicus into four quadrants

A

Abdomen

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20
Q

What are the 9 regions of abdomen?

A

1: right hypochondriac/ hypochondrium
2: epigastrium
3: left hypochondriac/ hypochondrium
4: right lumbar/ flank
5: umbilical
6: left lumbar/ flank
7: right inguinal (iliac)/ groin
8: hypogastric (pubic)
9: left inguinal (iliac)/ groin

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21
Q

What are the 4 regions of abdomen?

A

right and left upper quadrants and right and left lower quadrants

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22
Q

What level is the umbilicus?

A

at the level of the intervertebral disk between L3-L4 vertebrae

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23
Q

what innervates umbilicus?

A

10th thoracic nerve

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24
Q

May occur due to failure of the midgut to return to the abdomen early in fetal life, and it occurs as a protrusion of intestines through a defect at the umbilicus.

A

Umbilical hernia

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25
Q

A persistence of the herniation of abdominal contents, which remain outside the abdominal cavity and are covered only by the amniotic membrane; thus, immediate surgical repair is required.

A

Omphalocele

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26
Q

A protrusion of the abdominal viscera through a defect in the abdominal wall without involving the umbilical card on the right side of the umbilicus.

A

Gastroschisis

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27
Q

What are the common actions of external oblique, internal oblique, transverse, and rectus abdominis muscles?

A

Flexes trunk

Compresses abdomen

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28
Q

What is the exercise to reduce abdomen area?

A

sit-ups

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29
Q

What muscles are involved in forceful expiration?

A

Internal oblique muscle

Transverse muscle

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30
Q

How many percent have an absent or unpaired pyramidalis muscle?

A

10-20% of cases

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31
Q

Continues over the inguinal ligament to merge with the superficial fascia of the thigh.

A

Superficial (Fatty) Layer of the Superficial Fascia (Camper Fascia)

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32
Q

Continues over the pubis and perineum as the superficial layer of the superficial perineal fascia

A

Superficial (Fatty) Layer of the Superficial Fascia (Camper Fascia)

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33
Q

Attached to the fascia lata just below the inguinal ligament.

A

Deep (Membranous) Layer of the Superficial Fascia (Scarpa Fascia)

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34
Q

Scarpa Fascia continues over the pubis and perineum as the membranous layer of the superficial perineal fascia.

A

Colles fascia

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35
Q

Scarpa Fascia continues over the penis as the superficial fascia of the penis and over the scrotum as the ____, which contains smooth muscle.

A

tunica dartos

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36
Q

Covers the muscles and continues over the spermatic cord at the superficial inguinal ring as the external spermatic fascia.

A

Deep Fascia

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37
Q

Continues over the penis as the deep fascia of the penis __ and over the pubis and perineum as the deep perineal fascia.

A

Buck fascia

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38
Q

Is a tendinous median raphe between the two rectus abdominis muscles, formed by the fusion of the aponeuroses of the external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominal muscles.

A

Linea Alba

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39
Q

Linea Alba becomes the __ in pregnancy , probably due to hormone stimulation to produce more melanin.

A

linea nigra

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40
Q

Is a curved line along the lateral border of the rectus abdominis.

A

Linea Semilunaris

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41
Q

Is a crescent-shaped line marking the inferior limit of the posterior layer of the rectus sheath just below the level of the iliac crest.

A

Linea Semicircularis (Arcuate Line)

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42
Q

Represents the medial triangular expansion of the inguinal ligament to the pectineal line of the pubis.

A

Lacunar Ligament (Gimbernat Ligament)

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43
Q

Forms the medial border of the femoral ring and the floor of the inguinal canal.

A

Lacunar Ligament (Gimbernat Ligament)

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44
Q

May contain extravasated urine between this fascia and the deep fascia of the abdomen, resulting from rupture of the spongy urethra.

A

Deep (Membranous) Layer of the Superficial Fascia (Scarpa Fascia)

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45
Q

Extends from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis

A

Linea Alba

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46
Q

Is a strong fibrous band that extends laterally from the lacunar ligament along the pectineal line of the pubis.

A

Pectineal (Cooper) Ligament

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47
Q

Is the folded lower border of the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle, extending between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle.

A

Inguinal Ligament (Poupart Ligament)

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48
Q

Forms the floor (inferior wall) of the inguinal canal.

A

Inguinal Ligament (Poupart Ligament)

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49
Q

Is a fascial partition that separates the muscular [(lateral) and vascular (medial) lacunae deep to the inguinal ligament.

A

Iliopectineal Arcus or Ligament

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50
Q

It transmits the iliopsoas muscle.

A

muscular lacuna

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51
Q

It transmits the femoral sheath and its contents, including the femoral vessels, a femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve, and the femoral canal.

A

vascular lacuna

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52
Q

Is formed by fibers derived from the medial portion of the inguinal ligament and lacunar ligament and runs upward over the conjoint tendon to end at the linea alba.

A

Reflected Inguinal Ligament

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53
Q

Is formed by the aponeuroses of the internal oblique and transverse muscles of the abdomen and is inserted into the pubic tubercle and crest.

A

Falx Inguinalis (Conjoint Tendon)

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54
Q

Strengthens the posterior wall of the medial half of the inguinal canal.

A

Falx Inguinalis (Conjoint Tendon)

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55
Q

Is formed by fusion of the aponeuroses of the external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse muscles of the abdomen.

A

Rectus Sheath

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56
Q

What are the contents of Rectus Sheath?

A 
rectus abdominis
pyramidal muscle
superior epigastric vessel
inferior epigastric vessel
lower 5 intercostal nerves
subcostal nerve
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57
Q

What forms the rectus sheath?

A

aponeuroses of:
external oblique
internal oblique
transverse muscles

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58
Q

In the Anterior Layer of the Rectus Sheath, what are above the arcuate line?

A

aponeuroses of the external and internal oblique muscles

59
Q

In the Anterior Layer of the Rectus Sheath, what are below the arcuate line?

A

aponeuroses of the external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse muscles

60
Q

In the Posterior Layer of the Rectus Sheath, what are above the arcuate line?

A

aponeuroses of the internal oblique and transverse muscles

61
Q

In the Posterior Layer of the Rectus Sheath, what are below the arcuate line?

A

rectus abdominis is in contact with the transversalis fascia

62
Q

It is a thin layer of fascia that lines the transversus abdominis muscle and is continuous with a similar layer lining the diaphragm and the iliacus muscle

A

Fascia Transversalis

63
Q

It is a thin layer of connective tissue that contains fat and lies between the fascia transversalis and the parietal peritoneum

A

Extraperitoneal Fat (Tissue)

64
Q

It is a serous membrane that lines the walls of the abdomen and is continuous below with the parietal peritoneum lining the pelvis

A

Parietal Peritoneum

65
Q

Is bounded medially by the linea semilunaris (lateral edge of the rectus abdominis), laterally by the inferior epigastric vessels, and inferiorly by the inguinal ligament.

A

Inguinal (Hesselbach) Triangle

66
Q

Inguinal (Hesselbach) Triangle is an area of potential weakness and hence is a common site of?

A

direct inguinal hernia

67
Q

Is a triangular opening in the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle that lies just lateral to the pubic tubercle

A

Superficial Inguinal Ring

68
Q

Lies in the transversalis fascia, just lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels.

A

Inguinal Ring

69
Q

Borders of Hesselbach Triangle

A

Medially: linea semilunaris
Laterally: inferior epigastric vessels
Inferiorly: inguinal ligament

70
Q

Begins at the deep inguinal ring and terminates at the superficial ring.

A

Inguinal Canal

71
Q

What does Inguinal Canal transmit?

A

spermatic cord or the round ligament of the uterus

genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve

72
Q

What clinical correlate passes through the Inguinal Canal?

A

indirect inguinal hernia

73
Q

Where does ilioinguinal nerve run?

A

inguinal canal and the superficial inguinal ring

74
Q

Where does ilioinguinal nerve don’t pass?

A

deep inguinal ring

75
Q

What are the contents of inguinal canal?

A

genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
ilioinguinal nerve
spermatic cord or the round ligament of the uterus

76
Q

What are the borders of the inguinal canal?

A 
Anterior wall: aponeuroses of the external oblique and internal oblique muscles. 
Posterior wall: aponeurosis of the transverse abdominal muscle and transversalis fascia.
Superior wall (roof): arching fibers of the internal oblique and transverse muscles.
Inferior wall (floor): inguinal and lacunar ligaments.
77
Q

Arises when a portion of intestine protrudes through a weak spot in the inguinal canal or in the inguinal triangle.

A

Inguinal hernia

78
Q

A hernia in which the contents of the hernial sac can be returned to their normal position.

A

Reducible hernia

79
Q

An irreducible hernia in which the contents of the hernial sac are entrapped or stuck in the groin.

A

Incarcerated hernia

80
Q

An irreducible hernia in which the intestine becomes tightly trapped or twisted; thus, the circulation is arrested, and gangrene (death of tissue) occurs unless relief is prompt.

A

Strangulated hernia

81
Q

Passes through the deep inguinal ring, inguinal canal, and superficial inguinal ring and descends into the scrotum.

A

Indirect inguinal hernia

82
Q

Where does Indirect inguinal hernia lie?

A

lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels

83
Q

Which kind of hernia is congenital and which is acquired?

A

Congenital: Indirect inguinal hernia
Acquired: Direct inguinal hernia

84
Q

Occurs in the inguinal triangle directly through the abdominal wall muscles (posterior wall of the inguinal canal), lateral to the edge of the conjoint tendon (falx inguinalis), and rarely descends into the scrotum.

A

Direct inguinal hernia

85
Q

The hernia lies medial to the inferior epigastric vessels and protrudes forward (but rarely through) the superficial inguinal ring.

A

Direct inguinal hernia

86
Q

What composes spermatic cord?

A 
ductus deferens
testicular, cremasteric, and deferential arteries
pampiniform plexus of testicular veins
genital branch of the genitofemoral
cremasteric nerves
 testicular sympathetic plexus
87
Q

derived from the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle.

A

External spermatic fascia

88
Q

originating in the internal oblique muscle.

A

Cremasteric fascia

89
Q

derived from the transversalis fascia.

A

Internal spermatic fascia

90
Q

Is a peritoneal diverticulum in the fetus that evaginates into a developing scrotum and forms the visceral and parietal layers of the tunica vaginalis testis.

A

Processus Vaginalis Testis

91
Q

Normally closes before birth or shortly thereafter and loses its connection with the peritoneal cavity.

A

Processus Vaginalis Testis

92
Q

What may result if Processus Vaginalis Testis persists?

A

congenital indirect inguinal hernia

93
Q

What may Processus Vaginalis Testis cause if it is occluded?

A

fluid accumulation (hydrocele processus vaginalis)

94
Q

Is a double serous membrane, a peritoneal sac that covers the front and sides of the testis and epididymis.

A

Tunica Vaginalis

95
Q

Tunica Vaginalis is derived from the abdominal peritoneum and forms the?

A

innermost layer of the scrotum

96
Q

Is the fetal ligament that connects the bottom of the fetal testis to the developing scrotum.

A

Gubernaculum Testis

97
Q

Appears to be important in testicular descent (pulls the testis down as it migrates)

A

Gubernaculum Testis

98
Q

Is homologous to the ovarian ligament and the round ligament of the uterus.

A

Gubernaculum Testis

99
Q

Consists of a thin pigmented skin and dartos fascia, a layer of smooth muscle fibers; when contracted, it wrinkles to regulate the temperature.

A

Scrotum

100
Q

What innervates scrotum?

A

genital branch of the genitofemoral
anterior scrotal branch of the ilioinguinal
posterior scrotal branch of the perineal
perineal branch of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerves

101
Q

Where does scrotum receive blood?

A

anterior scrotal branches of the external pudendal artery

posterior scrotal branches of the internal pudendal artery

102
Q

Where does scrotum drain lymph?

A

superficial inguinal nodes

103
Q

Are surrounded by the tunica vaginalis in the scrotum and produce sperm in the seminiferous tubules and testosterone by interstitial (Leydig) cells.

A

Testes

104
Q

What innervates the testes?

A

autonomic nerves

105
Q

Where does testes drain lymph?

A

deep inguinal nodes

106
Q

Where does testes receive blood?

A

testicular arteries arising from the aorta

107
Q

Where does testes drain venous blood?

A

Right: IVC
Left: renal vein

108
Q

Is a depression on the anterior abdominal wall between the median and medial umbilical folds of the peritoneum.

A

Supravesical Fossa

109
Q

Is a depression on the anterior abdominal wall between the medial and lateral umbilical folds of the peritoneum. It lies lateral to the supravesical fossa.

A

Medial Inguinal Fossa

110
Q

fossa where most direct inguinal hernias occur

A

Medial Inguinal Fossa

111
Q

Is a depression on the anterior abdominal wall, lateral to the lateral umbilical fold of the peritoneum.

A

Lateral Inguinal Fossa

112
Q

Is a fibrous cord, the remnant of the obliterated urachus,

A

Median Umbilical Ligament or Fold

113
Q

Lies between the transversalis fascia and the peritoneum and extends from the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus.

A

Median Umbilical Ligament or Fold

114
Q

Is a fibrous cord, the remnant of the obliterated umbilical artery, which forms a medial umbilical fold and extends from the side of the bladder to the umbilicus.

A

Medial Umbilical Ligament or Fold

115
Q

Is a fold of the peritoneum that covers inferior epigastric vessels and extends from the medial side of the deep inguinal ring to the arcuate line.

A

Lateral Umbilical Fold

116
Q

Is the lining fascia of the entire abdominopelvic cavity between the parietal peritoneum and the inner surface of the abdominal muscles.

A

Transversalis Fascia

117
Q

Forms the deep inguinal ring and gives rise to the femoral sheath and the internal spermatic fascia.

A

Transversalis Fascia

118
Q

Is directly in contact with the rectus abdominis below the arcuate line.

A

Transversalis Fascia

119
Q

Continues with the diaphragmatic, psoas, iliac, pelvic, and quadratus lumborum fasciae.

A

Transversalis Fascia

120
Q

Is the ventral ramus of the 12th thoracic nerve and innervates the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall.

A

Subcostal Nerve

121
Q

Has a lateral cutaneous branch that innervates the skin of the side of the hip.

A

Subcostal Nerve

122
Q

Arises from the first lumbar nerve and innervates the internal oblique ad transverse muscles of the abdomen.

A

Iliohypogastric Nerve

123
Q

Divides into a lateral cutaneous branch to supply the skin of the lateral side of the buttocks and an anterior cutaneous branch to supply the skin above the pubis.

A

Iliohypogastric Nerve

124
Q

Arises from the first lumbar nerve, pierces the internal oblique muscle near the deep inguinal ring, and accompanies the spermatic cord through the inguinal canal and then through the superficial inguinal ring.

A

Ilioinguinal Nerve

125
Q

Innervates the internal oblique and transverse muscles

A

Ilioinguinal Nerve

126
Q

Gives rise to a femoral branch, which innervates the upper and medial parts of the anterior thigh. and the anterior scrotal nerve, which innervates the skin of the root of the penis (or the skin of the mons pubis) and the anterior part of the scrotum for the labium majus)

A

Ilioinguinal Nerve

127
Q

A drawing up of the testis by contraction of the cremaster muscle when the skin on the upper medial side of of the thigh is stroked

A

Cremasteric reflex

128
Q

What is the efferent limb of cremasteric reflex arc?

A

genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve

129
Q

What is the afferent limb of cremasteric reflex arc?

A

femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve

ilioinguinal nerve

130
Q

Drain into the axillary lymph nodes.

A

Lymphatics in the Region above the Umbilicus

131
Q

Drain into the superficial inguinal nodes.

A

Lymphatics in the Region below the Umbilicus

132
Q

Receive lymph from the lower abdominal wall, buttocks, penis, scrotum, labium majus, and the lower parts of the vagina and anal canal. Their efferent vessels primarily enter the external iliac nodes and, ultimately, the lumbar (aortic) nodes.

A

Superficial Inguinal Lymph Nodes

133
Q

Arises from the internal thoracic artery, enters the rectus sheath, and descends on the posterior surface of the rectus abdominis

A

Superior Epigastric Artery

134
Q

Anastomoses with the inferior epigastric artery within the rectus abdominis.

A

Superior Epigastric Artery

135
Q

Arises from the external iliac artery above the inguinal ligament, enters the rectus sheath, and ascends between the rectus abdominis and the posterior layer of the rectus sheath.

A

Inferior Epigastric Artery

136
Q

Anastomoses with the superior epigastric artery, providing collateral circulation between the subclavian and external iliac arteries.

A

Inferior Epigastric Artery

137
Q

Gives rise to the cremasteric artery, which accompanies the spermatic cord.

A

Inferior Epigastric Artery

138
Q

Arises from the external iliac artery and runs laterally along the inguinal ligament and the iliac crest between the transverse and internal oblique muscles.

A

Deep Circumflex Iliac Artery

139
Q

Forms an ascending branch that anastomoses with the musculophrenic artery.

A

Deep Circumflex Iliac Artery

140
Q

Arise from the femoral artery and run superiorly toward the umbilicus over the inguinal ligament. Anastomose with branches of the inferior epigastric artery.

A

Superficial Epigastric Arteries

141
Q

Arises from the femoral artery and runs laterally upward, parallel to the inguinal ligament. Anastomoses with the deep circumflex iliac and lateral femoral circumflex arteries.

A

Superficial Circumflex Iliac Artery

142
Q

Arise from the femoral artery, pierce the cribriform fascia, and run medially to supply the skin above the pubis.

A

Superficial (External) Pudendal Arteries

143
Q
  • Are longitudinal venous connections between the lateral thoracic vein and the superficial epigastric vein.
    • Provide a collateral route for venous return if a caval or portal obstruction occurs.
A

Thoracoepigastric Veins

General Anatomy 1 (31 decks)

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