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General Anatomy 1 > spinal cord - back anatomy > Flashcards

spinal cord - back anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What membranes surround the spinal cord?

A

meninges

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2
Q

Where is the spinal cord in adults?

A

from the foramen magnum to the inferior border of the first lumbar vertebra

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3
Q

Where is spinal cord derived from?

A

from the caudal part of the neural tube

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4
Q

Where is the spinal cord in newborns?

A

from the foramen magnum to the third lumbar vertebra

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5
Q

Where does the spinal cord lie that extends caudally to the level of the second sacral vertebra?

A

subarachnoid space

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6
Q

Spinal cord is continuous with the __ __ at the spinomedullary junction, a plane defined by three structures.

A

medulla oblongata

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7
Q

Where does the spinal cord suspend and anchor?

A

within the dural sac

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8
Q

Where does the spinal cord arise which closely invests the spinal cord?

A

pia mater

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9
Q

Two flattened bands of pial tissue that attach to the spinal dura comprising 21 pairs of tooth-shaped extensions

A

Denticulate ligaments

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10
Q

An extension of pia mater that extends from the conus medullaris to the dural sec (internus) and from the dural sec to the coccyx (externus)

A

Filum terminale

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11
Q

Provide strong anchorage and fixation of the spinal cord to the vertebral canal

A

Spinal nerve roots

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12
Q

Where are the enlargements for the nerve supply of the upper and lower extremities?

A

Cervical (C5-T1)

Lumbar (L1-S2)

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13
Q

Spinal cord terminates caudally as the __ __

A

conus medullaris

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14
Q

What sensory fibers does the spinal nerves have?

A

Contain both motor and sensory fibers

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15
Q

What nerves do not have posterior roots nor corresponding dermatomes?

A

C1

coccygeal nerve

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16
Q

What is the sensory fiber of C1 and coccygeal nerve?

A

pure motor

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17
Q

With the exception of C1, where do spinal nerves exit the vertebral canal ?

A

intervertebral or sacral foramina

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18
Q

All other nerve exits below, except the __

A

C1-C7

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19
Q

Where does the spinal cord end in adults?

A

at lower border of L1-L2 vertebrae

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20
Q

Where does the spinal nerve terminate in adults?

A

L2

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21
Q

Where does the spinal nerve terminate in newborns?

A

L3

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22
Q

Where does the subarachnoid space extend?

A

to lower border of S2 vertebra

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23
Q

Where is lumbar puncture usually performed?

A

L3-L4 or L4-L5 (level of coda equina)

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24
Q

What is the goal of lumbar puncture?

A

to obtain sample of CSF without damaging spinal cord

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25
Q

Where does epidural anesthesia stop?

A

epidural space

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26
Q

What layer of the meninges does the needle not pass through?

A

pia mater

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27
Q

Convey sensory input from skin, muscle, bone, and joints to the central nervous system

A

General somatic afferent (GSA) fibers

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28
Q

Convey sensory input from visceral organs to the CNS

A

General visceral afferent (GVA) fibers

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29
Q

Convey motor output from anterior horn motor neurons to skeletal muscle

A

General somatic efferent (GSE) fibers

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30
Q

Convey motor output from intermediolateral cell column neurons, via paravertebral or prevertebral ganglia, to glands, smooth muscle, and visceral organs

A

General visceral efferent (GVE) fibers

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31
Q

Convey motor output from the sacral parasympathetic nucleus to the pelvic viscera via intramural ganglia

A

General visceral efferent (GVE) fibers

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32
Q

Formed by the union of posterior and anterior roots within the intervertebral foramen, resulting in a mixed nerve

A

spinal nerve

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33
Q

Enters the posterior lateral sulcus as posterior rootlets and conveys sensory input from the body via spinal ganglion

A

Posterior root

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34
Q

Located within the posterior root and within the intervertebral foramen

A

Spinal ganglion

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35
Q

Contains pseudounipolar neurons of neural crest origin that transmit sensory input from the periphery (GSA and GVA) to the spinal cord via posterior roots

A

Spinal ganglion

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36
Q

Emerges as anterior rootlets from the anterior lateral sulcus and conveys motor output from visceral and somatic motor neurons

A

Anterior root

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37
Q

Consists of lumbosacral (posterior and anterior) nerve roots (L2-Co) that descend from the spinal cord through the subarachnoid space to exit through their respective intervertebral or sacral foramina

A

Cauda equina

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38
Q

Why is coda equina named as such?

A

because it looks like a horse tail

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39
Q

innervates the skin and muscles of the back

A

Posterior ramus

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40
Q

innervates the anterior and lateral muscles and skin of the trunk, extremities, and visceral organs

A

Anterior ramus

41
Q

innervates the meninges and vertebral column

A

Meningeal ramus

42
Q

contain unmyelinated postganglionic sympathetic fibers

A

Gray communicating rami

43
Q

contain myelinated preganglionic sympathetic fibers and myelinated GVA fibers (splanchnic nerves)

A

White communicating rami

44
Q

It is associated with all spinal nerves

A

Gray communicating rami

45
Q

It is found only in thoracolumbar segments of the spinal cord (T1-L2)

A

White communicating rami

46
Q

• Consists of a cutaneous area innervated by the fibers of one spinal nerve

47
Q

Consists of muscles innervated by the fibers of one spinal nerve

48
Q

Consists of bones and ligaments innervated by the fibers of one spinal nerve

A

Sclerotome

49
Q

Landmark dermatome for C2

A

posterior half of skull

50
Q

Landmark dermatome for C6

51
Q

Landmark dermatome for C7

A

middle finger

52
Q

Landmark dermatome for C8

A

little finger

53
Q

Landmark dermatome for T4

54
Q

Landmark dermatome for T7

A

xiphoid process

55
Q

Landmark dermatome for T10

A

umbilicus (belly button)

56
Q

Landmark dermatome for C4

A

low-collar shirt

57
Q

Landmark dermatome for L1

A

Inguinal Ligament

58
Q

Landmark dermatome for L4

59
Q

Landmark dermatome for S2, S3, S4

A

penile and anal zones

60
Q

Myotome landmark for C5

A

elbow flexors

  • biceps
  • brachialis
  • brachioradialis
61
Q

Myotome landmark for C6

A

wrist extensors

- extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis

62
Q

Myotome landmark for L2

A

hip flexors

- illiopsoas

63
Q

Myotome landmark for L3

A

knee extensors

- quadriceps

64
Q

Myotome landmark for L4

A

ankle dorsiflexors

- tibialis anterior

65
Q

Myotome landmark for L5

A

long toe extensors

- extensor hallucis longus

66
Q

Myotome landmark for S1

A

ankle plantar flexors

- gastrocnemius, soleus

67
Q

Myotome landmark for C7

A

elbow extensors

- triceps

68
Q

Formed by a great lash of dorsal and ventral roots of the lumbar and sacral spinal nerves that surround the filum terminale

A

Coda Equina (“Horse’s Tail”)

69
Q

Lateral extensions of the spinal pia mater, consisting of 21 pairs of toothpick-like processes

A

Denticulate Ligaments

70
Q

A prolongation of the pia mater from the tip (conus medullaris) of the spinal cord at the level of L2

A

Filum Terminale (Internum)

71
Q

Contained in the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid and pia mater

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

72
Q

Enters spinal cord via subarachnoid space

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

73
Q

What Rexed laminae of the spinal cord gray matter surrounds the central canal?

74
Q

Toward the center of the spinal cord

A

Gray matter

75
Q

Butterfly- or H-shaped that varies according to the spinal cord level

A

Gray matter

76
Q

Gray matter is divided into cytoarchitectural areas called __

A

Rexed laminae

77
Q

what are the three horns or cell columns of the gray matter?

A

Dorsal horn
Intermediate gray
Ventral horn

78
Q

Which

Rexed laminae are found in the posterior horn?

A

Rexed laminae I-VI

79
Q

What illness is associated with the damaged anterior gray horn?

A

Poliomyelitis

80
Q

What is the condition of polio?

A

a person cannot move because of lacking acetylcholine needed for the action potential of muscles

81
Q

Which Rexed laminae are found in the anterior horn?

A

VII, VIII, IX

82
Q

Contains a central canal

A

Gray matter

83
Q

Consists of bundles of myelinated fibers that surround the central gray matter

A

White matter

84
Q

Consists of ascending and descending fiber pathways called tracts

A

White matter

85
Q

What divides the white matter bilaterally into three major divisions?

86
Q

• Located between the posterior median sulcus and the posterior lateral sulcus

A

Posterior funiculus

87
Q

Where is Posterior funiculus subdivided into two fasciculi?

88
Q

Located between the posterior median sulcus and posterior intermediate sulcus and septum

A

Fasciculus gracilis

89
Q

Located between the posterior intermediate sulcus and septum and posterior lateral sulcus

A

Fasciculus cuneatus

90
Q

Found only at the upper thoracic and cervical cord levels (C1-T6) and affects the Upper extremity

A

Fasciculus cuneatus

91
Q

Found at all cord levels affects the Lower extremity

A

Fasciculus gracilis

92
Q

Located between the posterior lateral and anterior lateral sulci

A

Lateral funiculus

93
Q

Located between the anterior median fissure and anterior lateral sulcus

A

Anterior funiculus

94
Q

What does ascending tracts transfer?

95
Q

What does descending tracts transfer?

96
Q

(Fine touch, proprioception, vibration)

A

Doral Columns

97
Q

(pain and temperature)

A

Lateral Spinothalamic Tract

98
Q

(light touch)

A

Ventral Spinothalamic Tract

99
Q

What are the descending tracts?

A

Lateral and Anterior Corticospinal Tract

General Anatomy 1 (31 decks)

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