Coronary Arteries, Great Vessels, and Posterior Mediastinum (Part 4)

Question 1

Arise from the ascending aorta and are filled with blood during the ventricular diastole.

Answer 1

Coronary Arteries

Question 2

When is coronary artery usually filled with blood?

Answer 2

During ventricular diastolic phase

Question 3

When does heart have minimal blood flow?

Answer 3

during systole

Question 4

Why is there minimal blood flow during systole?

Answer 4

because of compression of the arterial branches in the myocardium

Question 5

When does the heart relaxes hence the maximum blood flow?

Answer 5

During ventricular diastolic

Question 6

Arises from the anterior (right) aortic sinus of the ascending aorta, runs between the root of the pulmonary trunk and the right auricle, and then descends in the right coronary sulcus, and generally supplies the right atrium and ventricle

Answer 6

Right Coronary Artery

Question 7

Passes between the right atrium and the root of the ascending aorta, encircles the base of the SVC, and supplies the SA node and the right atrium.

Answer 7

SA Nodal Artery

Question 8

Runs along the inferior border toward the apex and supplies the inferior margin of the right ventricle.

Answer 8

Marginal Artery

Question 9

Arises opposite the origin of its posterior IV artery and supplies the AV node.

Answer 9

AV Nodal Artery

Question 10

Is a larger terminal branch and supplies a part of the IV septum and left ventricle and the AV node.

Answer 10

Posterior IV (Posterior Descending) Artery

Question 11

Arises from the left aortic sinus of the ascending aorta, just above the aortic semilunar valve.

Answer 11

Left Coronary Artery

Question 12

Is shorter than the right coronary artery and usually is distributed to more of the myocardium.

Answer 12

Left Coronary Artery

Question 13

Generally supplies anterior aspects of the right and left ventricles and is the chief source of blood to the IV septum and the apex.

Answer 13

Anterior IV (Left Anterior Descending) Artery

Question 14

Runs in the coronary sulcus, gives off the left marginal artery, supplies the left atrium and left ventricle, and anastomoses with the terminal branch of the right coronary artery.

Answer 14

Circumflex Artery

Question 15

Is the largest vein draining the heart and lies in the coronary sulcus, which separates the atria from the ventricles.

Answer 15

Coronary Sinus

Question 16

Opens into the right atrium between the opening of the IVC and the AV opening.

Answer 16

Coronary Sinus

Question 17

Has a one-cusp valve at the right margin of its aperture.

Answer 17

Coronary Sinus

Question 18

Receives the great, middle, and small cardiac veins; the oblique vein of the left atrium; and the posterior vein of the left ventricle.

Answer 18

Coronary Sinus

Question 19

Begins at the apex of the heart and ascends along with the IV branch of the left coronary artery.

Answer 19

Great Cardiac Vein

Question 20

together with LADA, this is also located in anterior interventricular groove

Answer 20

Great Cardiac Vein

Question 21

Turns to the left to lie in the coronary sulcus and continues as the coronary sinus.

Answer 21

Great Cardiac Vein

Question 22

Begins at the apex of the heart and ascends in the posterior IV groove, accompanying the posterior IV branch of the right coronary artery, draining to the coronary sulcus

Answer 22

Middle Cardiac Vein

Question 23

Runs along the right margin of the heart in company with the marginal artery and then posteriorly in the coronary sulcus to end in the right end of the coronary sinus.

Answer 23

Small Cardiac Vein

Question 24

Descends to empty into the coronary sinus, near its left end.

Answer 24

Oblique Vein of the Left Atrium

Question 25

Drains the anterior right ventricle, crosses the coronary groove, and ends directly in the right atrium.

Answer 25

Anterior Cardiac Vein

Question 26

What other structures drain into the right atrium?

Answer 26

SVC, IVC, Anterior Cardiac Vein, Coronary sinus

Question 27

Begin in the wall of the heart and empty directly into its chambers.

Answer 27

Smallest Cardiac Veins (Venae Cordis Minimae)

Question 28

Receive lymph from the myocardium and epicardium.

Answer 28

Lymphatic Vessels of the Heart

Question 29

Where does right coronary artery empty?

Answer 29

anterior mediastinal nodes

Question 30

Where does left coronary artery empty?

Answer 30

tracheobronchial node

Question 31

Receives the superior, middle, and inferior cervical and thoracic cardiac nerves from the sympathetic trunks and vagus nerves

Answer 31

Cardiac Plexus

Question 32

Division of cardiac plexus which lies beneath the arch of the aorta in front of the pulmonary artery

Answer 32

superficial cardiac plexus

Question 33

Division of cardiac plexus which lies posterior to the arch of the aorta in front of the bifurcation of the trachea.

Answer 33

deep cardiac plexus

Question 34

the right sympathetic and parasympathetic branches terminate chiefly in the region of the?

Answer 34

SA node

Question 35

the left sympathetic and parasympathetic branches end chiefly in the region of the?

Answer 35

AV node

Question 36

What are devoid in the cardiac muscle fibers and are activated by the conducting system?

Answer 36

motor endings

Question 37

Supplies the heart with sympathetic fibers, which increase the heart rate and the force of the heartbeat and cause dilation of the coronary arteries, and parasympathetic fibers, which decrease the heart rate and constrict the coronary arteries.

Answer 37

Cardiac Plexus

Question 38

Takes its origin from the left ventricle within the pericardial sac and ascends behind the sternum to end at the level of the sternal angle.

Answer 38

Ascending Aorta

Question 39

Lies in the middle mediastinum, has three aortic sinuses located immediately above the cusps of the aortic valve, and gives off the right and left coronary artery.

Answer 39

Ascending Aorta

Question 40

Found within the superior mediastinum, begins as a continuation of the ascending aorta, and arches over the right pulmonary artery and the left main bronchus.

Answer 40

Arch of the Aorta

Question 41

Forms a prominence that is visible on the radiograph as the aortic knob.

Answer 41

Arch of the Aorta

Question 42

Gives rise to the brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries.

Answer 42

Arch of the Aorta

Question 43

Formed by the union of the right and left brachiocephalic veins and returns blood from all structures superior to the diaphragm, except the lungs and heart.

Answer 43

Superior Vena Cava

Question 44

Descends on the right side of the ascending aorta, receives the azygos vein, and enters the right atrium.

Answer 44

Superior Vena Cava

Question 45

What are the tributaries of SVC?

Answer 45

right and left brachiocephalic veins | azygos vein

Question 46

Where is the upper half and lower half of SVC located?

Answer 46

up: superior mediastinum down: middle mediastinum

Question 47

Arises from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle, passes obliquely upward and backward across the origin and on the left side of the ascending aorta within the fibrous pericardium, and bifurcates into the right and left pulmonary arteries in the concavity of the aortic arch.

Answer 47

Pulmonary Trunk

Question 48

a sac formed by dilation of the aortic arch that compresses the left recurrent laryngeal nerve

Answer 48

Aneurysm of the aortic arch

Question 49

is an inheritable disorder of connective tissue that affects the skeleton (causing long limbs), eyes (dislocated lens), lungs (pneumothorax), and heart and blood vessels (aortic root dilation, aortic aneurysm, aortic regurgitation, and mitral valve prolapse).

Answer 49

Marfan syndrome

Question 50

It may be treated with B-blocker medications that reduce aortic root dilation

Answer 50

Marfan syndrome

Question 51

a muscular tube (approximately 10 in. long) that extends from the pharynx to the stomach, descending behind the trachea.

Answer 51

Esophagus

Question 52

What are the three constrictions of esophagus?

Answer 52

upper or pharyngoesophageal constriction middle or thoracic constriction inferior or diaphragmatic constriction

Question 53

At what level is upper or pharyngoesophageal constriction?

Answer 53

cricoid cartilage (C6) (lumen narrows)

Question 54

What causes upper or pharyngoesophageal constriction?

Answer 54

cricopharyngeus muscle

Question 55

it is crossed by the aortic arch and then left main bronchus

Answer 55

middle or thoracic constriction

Question 56

Where is inferior or diaphragmatic constriction?

Answer 56

at the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm (T10).

Question 57

Esophagus has a physiologic sphincter, which is the circular layer of smooth muscle at the gastroesophageal junction. What is it called?

Answer 57

inferior esophageal sphincter

Question 58

Where does esophagus receive blood?

Answer 58

inferior thyroid artery in the neck

Question 59

Receives blood from the inferior thyroid artery in the neck and branches of the aorta (bronchial and esophageal arteries) and from the left gastric and left inferior phrenic arteries in the thorax.

Answer 59

Esophagus

Question 60

is a condition of impaired esophageal contractions because of failure of relaxation of the inferior esophageal sphincter, resulting from degeneration of myenteric (Auerbach) plexus (parasympathetic nerves) in the esophagus.

Answer 60

Achalasia of esophagus

Question 61

is a systemic collagen vascular disease and has clinical features of dysphagia for solids and liquids, severe heartburn, and esophageal stricture

Answer 61

Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)

Question 62

Where does thoracic aorta begin?

Answer 62

T4 vertebra

Question 63

Where will thoracic aorta pass to become abdominal aorta?

Answer 63

aortic hiatus of the diaphragm

Question 64

What thoracic level will thoracic aorta pierce the diaphragm?

Answer 64

T12

Question 65

It descends on the left side of the vertebral column and then approaches the median plane to end in front of the vertebral column by passing through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm.

Answer 65

Thoracic Aorta

Question 66

What does Thoracic Aorta give rise to?

Answer 66

nine pairs of posterior intercostal arteries | one pair of subcostal arteries

Question 67

Also gives rise to pericardial, bronchial (one right and two left), esophageal, mediastinal, and superior phrenic branches

Answer 67

Thoracic Aorta

Question 68

- Congenital condition wherein the arch of aorta is constricted

Answer 68

Coarctation of the aorta

Question 69

Where is blood pressure higher and lower in Coarctation of the aorta?

Answer 69

higher in upper extremity | lower in lower extremity

Question 70

Where will blood go in Coarctation of the aorta to go to lower extremities?

Answer 70

Blood will go to anastomosing areas (posterior intercostal artery) to connect to descending aorta

Question 71

Where does posterior intercostal arteries arise?

Answer 71

1st and 2nd from superior intercostal artery of costovertical trunk of 2nd part of subclavian artery lower 9 arteries from descending aorta

Question 72

Where does subcostal artery arise?

Answer 72

from the descending aorta

Question 73

Is formed by the union of the right ascending lumbar and right subcostal veins. Its lower end is connected to the IVC.

Answer 73

Azygos (Unpaired) Vein

Question 74

Arches over the root of the right lung and empties into the SVC, of which it is the first tributary

Answer 74

Azygos (Unpaired) Vein

Question 75

Receives the right intercostal veins, the right superior intercostal vein, and the hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos veins.

Answer 75

Azygos (Unpaired) Vein

Question 76

How does Azygos (Unpaired) Vein enter the thorax?

Answer 76

through the aortic opening of the diaphragm

Question 77

Is formed by the union of the left subcostal and ascending lumbar veins. Its lower end is connected to the left renal vein.

Answer 77

Hemiazygos Vein

Question 78

What does Hemiazygos Vein | receive?

Answer 78

9th, 10th, and 11th posterior intercostal veins.

Question 79

Begins at the fourth or fifth intercostal space; descends, receiving the fourth or fifth to eighth intercostal veins; turns to the right; passes behind the aorta; and terminates in the azygos vein.

Answer 79

Accessory Hemiazygos Vein

Question 80

Is formed by a union of the second, third, and fourth posterior intercostal veins and drains into the azygos vein on the right and the brachiocephalic vein on the left.

Answer 80

Superior Intercostal Vein

Question 81

The second, third, and often the fourth intercostal veins join to form the?

Answer 81

Superior Intercostal Vein

Question 82

Where does the first intercostal vein on each side drains into?

Answer 82

into the corresponding brachiocephalic vein

Question 83

Begins in the abdomen at the cisterna chyli, which is the dilated junction of the intestinal, lumbar, and descending intercostal trunks.

Answer 83

Thoracic Duct

Question 84

usually beaded because of its numerous valves and often forms double or triple ducts.

Answer 84

Thoracic Duct

Question 85

Drains the lower limbs, pelvis, abdomen, left thorax, left upper limb, and left side of the head and neck.

Answer 85

Thoracic Duct

Question 86

Passes through the aortic opening of the diaphragm and ascends through the posterior mediastinum between the aorta and the azygos vein.

Answer 86

Thoracic Duct

Question 87

Where does thoracic duct drain?

Answer 87

into the junction of the left internal jugular and subclavian veins

Question 88

Drains the right sides of the thorax, upper limb, head, and neck.

Answer 88

Right Lymphatic Duct

Question 89

Where does Right Lymphatic Duct drain into?

Answer 89

into the junction of the right internal jugular and subclavian veins

Question 90

What is the diaphragmatic opening at T8-T9?

Answer 90

Caval opening?

Question 91

What structures are found in Caval opening?

Answer 91

IVC, and some branches of right phrenic nerve

Question 92

What is the diaphragmatic opening at T10?

Answer 92

Esophageal hiatus

Question 93

What structures are found in Esophageal hiatus?

Answer 93

Esophagus Anterior and posterior vagal trunks Small esophageal arteries

Question 94

What is the diaphragmatic opening at T12?

Answer 94

Aortic hiatus

Question 95

What structures are found in Aortic hiatus?

Answer 95

Aorta Azygos vein Thoracic duct