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General Anatomy 1 > GI Viscera > Flashcards

GI Viscera Flashcards

1
Q

Is a muscular tube (approximately 10 in. or 25 cm long) that extends from the pharynx to the stomach, but the short abdominal part extends from the diaphragm to the cardiac orifice of the stomach, entering the abdomen through an opening in the right crus of the diaphragm

A

Esophagus

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2
Q

How long is the abdominal part of Esophagus?

A

0.5 inches

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3
Q

circular layer of smooth muscle at the terminal portion of the esophagus

A

physiologic esophageal sphincter

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4
Q

What prevents the stomach contents from regurgitating into the esophagus?

A

tonic contraction of physiologic esophageal sphincter

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5
Q

At what level does the esophagus enter the abdomen?

A

T10

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6
Q

Anterior relations of Abdominal Esophagus

A

left liver lobe & left vagus

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7
Q

Posterior relations of Abdominal Esophagus

A

left crus of diaphragm & right vagus

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8
Q

Arterial supply of Abdominal Esophagus

A

Left gastric artery

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9
Q

Where is the origin of Left gastric artery?

A

ciliac artery

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10
Q

Lymph Drainage of Abdominal Esophagus

A

Left gastric nodes

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11
Q

Nerve supply of Abdominal Esophagus

A

anterior & posterior gastric nerves (vagi) & sympathetic branches of thoracic part of sympathetic trunk

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12
Q

Cricopharynx vertebral level

A

C6

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13
Q

Oesophageal hiatus vertebral level

A

T10

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14
Q

What is the portion of esophagus with direct voluntary / sympathetic control?

A

upper portion (cricoid area)

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15
Q

What are the difference in the course of right and left vagus nerve?

A

Left vagus nerve CROSSES left surface of aortic arch.
Right VN: reforms to make POSTERIOR gastric nerve
Left VN: reforms to make ANTERIOR gastric nerve

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16
Q

caused by a lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction (relaxation or weakness) and/or hiatal hernia, causing reflux of stomach contents

A

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

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17
Q

a (congenital) herniation of part of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus into the thoracic cavity

A

Hiatal or esophageal hernia

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18
Q

What forms the stomach bed?

A 
pancreas, 
spleen, 
left kidney, 
left suprarenal gland,
transverse colon and its mesocolon,
diaphragm
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19
Q

covered entirely by peritoneum and is located in the left hypochondriac and epigastric regions of the abdomen.

A

Stomach

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20
Q

What are the 4 regions of stomach?

A

cardia (nearest to esophagus),
fundus,
body, and
pylorus (nearest to duodenum)

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21
Q

What are divisions of pylorus?

A

pyloric antrum and pyloric canal

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22
Q

a group of thickened circular smooth muscles in the pyloric orifice

A

pyloric sphincter (true sphincter)

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23
Q

What does pyloric sphincter control?

A

rate of discharge of stomach contents into the duodenum

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24
Q

What happens to pyloric sphincter during sympathetic and parasympathetic?

A

Sympathetic: Constricted
Parasympathetic: Relaxed

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25
Q

What are two openings of stomach?

A

cardiac and pyloric openings

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26
Q

What are the 2 curves of stomach?

A

greater and lesser curvatures

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27
Q

Junction between pylorus and duodenum and body of stomach

A

Incisura angularis (angular notch)

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28
Q

What are the two notches in stomach?

A

cardiac and angular notches

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29
Q

Junction between esophagus and cardia and fundus

A

cardiac notch

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30
Q

What are structures of the stomach bed separated from stomach by lesser sac?

A 
Diaphragm
Left suprarenal gland
Left kidney
Splenic artery
Pancreas
Transverse colon
Splenic flexure of colon
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31
Q

What structure of the stomach bed is separated from stomach by greater sac?

A

Spleen

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32
Q

What is the left side of colon before it becomes the descending colon?

A

Splenic flexure/ Left colic flexure

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33
Q

What is the right side of colon before ascending colon becomes transverse colon?

A

Hepatic flexure

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34
Q

What are the postero-inferior surface of stomach?

A

Structures of Stomach bed

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35
Q

What are the left and right antero-superior surface of stomach?

A

Left: diaphragm, pericardium, 7-9 ribs, left intercostal spaces
Right: left lobes of liver and anterior abdominal wall

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36
Q

Where does stomach receive blood?

A

right and left gastric,
right and left gastroepiploic, and
short gastric arteries.

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37
Q

What are the appearance of longitudinal folds of mucous membrane during contraction?

A

rugae

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38
Q

a grooved channel along the lesser curvature formed by the rugae, directs fluids toward the pylorus.

A

gastric canal

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39
Q

What does stomach produce?

A

mucus, hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and the hormone gastrin

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40
Q

It protects the stomach from self-digestion

A

Mucus

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41
Q

It destroys many organisms and provides the required acid environment for pepsin activity

A

hydrochloric acid

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42
Q

It converts proteins to polypeptides

A

pepsin

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43
Q

It is produced in the stomach that stimulates gastric acid secretion.

A

gastrin

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44
Q

What stimulate gastric secretion in the vagus nerve?

A

Parasympathetic fibers

45
Q

What cells secrete mucus?

A

Goblet cells

46
Q

Principally secrete HCl acid and intrinsic factor

A

Parietal cells

47
Q

What is the intrinsic factor in stomach?

A

a glycoprotein secreted by parietal cells necessary for absorption of Vit B12

48
Q

Nerve supply of stomach

A

LARP: left vagus nerve, anterior vagal trunk; right vagus nerve, posterior vagal trunk

49
Q

A thin colorless, acidic liquid secreted by stomach glands

A

Gastric juice

50
Q

Where is the origin of left gastroepiploic and short gastric arteries?

A

Splenic artery

51
Q

What is the origin of right gastric and gastroduodenal artery?

A

Proper Hepatic Artery

52
Q

Where is the origin of right gastroepiploic artery?

A

Gastroduodenal artery

53
Q

What are the three main venous drainage of stomach?

A

Hepatic portal vein
Splenic vein
Superior mesenteric vein

54
Q

What drains into hepatic portal vein?

A

Right and left gastric vein

55
Q

What drains into splenic vein?

A

Left gastro-omental vein

Short gastric vein

56
Q

What drains into superior mesenteric vein?

A

Right gastro-omental vein

57
Q

erosion in the lining of the stomach or duodenum

A

Peptic ulcer

58
Q

Causes of peptic ulcer

A

Helicobacter pylori

denuded mucosa of stomach because of increase acid content

59
Q

Where is peptic ulcer most common to occur?

A

first part of the duodenum (duodenal ulcer)

60
Q

Extends from the pyloric opening to the ileocecal junction where complete digestion and absorption of most of the products of digestion and water, electrolytes, and minerals such as calcium and iron occur.

A

Small Intestine

61
Q

Is a C-shaped tube surrounding the head of the pancreas and is the shortest (25 cm [10 in.] long or 12 fingerbreadths in length) but widest part of the small intestine.

A

Duodenum

62
Q

Which part of duodenum is not retroperitoneal?

A

First Part (Superior)

63
Q

What connects first part of duodenum to the liver?

A

hepatoduodenal ligament of lesser omentum

64
Q

Where does duodenum receive blood?

A

celiac (foregut) and superior mesenteric (midgut) artery

65
Q

Has a mobile or free section, termed the duodenal cap (because of its appearance on radiographs), into which the pylorus invaginates.

A

Superior (First) Part (Horizontal Cap)

66
Q

Contains the junction of the foregut and midgut, where the common bile and main pancreatic ducts open.

A

Descending (Second) Part(Pars Descendens)

67
Q

It is where terminal openings of the bile and main pancreatic ducts (of Wirsung) are located

A

greater papilla

68
Q

It lies 2 cm above the greater papilla and marks the site of entry of the accessory pancreatic duct (of Santorini)

A

lesser papilla

69
Q

Is the longest part and crosses the IVC, aorta, and vertebral column to the left.

A

Transverse (Third) Part (Pars Horizontalis)

70
Q

Is crossed anteriorly by the superior mesenteric vessels

A

Transverse (Third) Part (Pars Horizontalis)

71
Q

Ascends to the left of the aorta to the level of the second lumbar vertebra and terminates at the duodenojejunal junction, which is fixed in position by the suspensory ligament (of Treitz).

A

Ascending (Fourth) Part (Pars Ascendens)

72
Q

Anatomic landmark dividing gastrointestinal tract into upper and lower GI Tract

A

Ligament of Treitz

73
Q

What vertebral level are the first, second, and third part of duodenum respectively?

A

L1, L2, L3

74
Q

What is the arterial supply pf duodenum?

A

Upper half: superior pancreaticoduodenal artery

Lower half: inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery

75
Q

Origin of superior pancreaticoduodenal artery

A

Gastroduodenal artery

76
Q

Origin of Gastroduodenal artery

A

primary hepatic artery

77
Q

caused by postoperative adhesions, tumors, Crohn’s disease, hernias, peritonitis, gallstones, volvulus, congenital malrotation, stricture, and intussusception (invagination of one part of the intestine into another)

A

Small bowel obstruction

78
Q

Makes up the proximal two-fifths of the small intestine

A

Jejunum

79
Q

emptier, larger in diameter, and thicker walled than the ileum

A

Jejunum

80
Q

Has the plicae circulares (circular folds), which are tall and closely packed

A

Jejunum

81
Q

Contains no Peyer patches (aggregations of lymphoid tissue)

A

Jejunum

82
Q

Has translucent areas called windows between the blood vessels of its mesentery

A

Jejunum

83
Q

Has less prominent arterial arcades (anastomotic loops) in its mesentery

A

Jejunum

84
Q

Has longer vasa recta (straight arteries, or arteriae rectae)

A

Jejunum

85
Q

Longer than the jejunum and occupies the false pelvis in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen

A

Ileum

86
Q

Characterized by the presence of Peyer patches (lower portion), shorter plicae circulares and vasa racta, and more mesenteric fat and arterial arcades

A

Ileum

87
Q

an outpouching (fingerlike) pouch of the ileum, derived from an unobliterated vitelline duct and located 2 ft proximal to the ileocecal junction on the antimesenteric side.

A

Meckel’s diverticulum

88
Q

Has ascending and descending colons that are retroperitoneal and transverse and sigmoid colons that are surrounded by peritoneum (they have their own mesenteries, the transverse mesocolon and the sigmoid mesocolon, respectively).

A

Colon

89
Q

The ascending and transverse colons are supplied by?

A

superior mesenteric artery and the vagus nerve

90
Q

the descending and sigmoid colons are supplied by the?

A

inferior mesenteric artery and the pelvic splanchnic nerves

91
Q

three narrow bands of the outer longitudinal muscular coat

A

Teniae coli

92
Q

produced by the teniae, which are slightly shorter than the gut

A

Sacculations or haustra

93
Q

peritoneum-covered sacs of fat, attached in rows along the teniae

A

Epiploic appendages

94
Q

Extends from the ileocecal junction to the anus and is approximately 1.5 m (5 ft) long

A

Large intestine

95
Q

Consists of the cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and anal canal

A

Large intestine

96
Q

Functions to convert the liquid contents of the ileum into semisolid feces by absorbing water, salts, and electrolytes. It also stores and lubricates feces with mucus.

A

Large intestine

97
Q

Blind pouch of the large intestine. It lies in the right iliac fossa and is usually surrounded by peritoneum but has not mesentery.

A

Cecum

98
Q

Is a narrow, hollow, muscular tube with large aggregations of lymphoid tissue in its wall. Is suspended from the terminal ileum by a small mesentery, the mesoappendix, which contains
the appendicular vessels.

A

Appendix

99
Q

Causes spasm and distention when inflamed, resulting in pain that is referred to the periumbilical region and moves down and to the right.

A

Appendix

100
Q

Has a base that lies deep to McBurney point, which occurs at the junction of the lateral one-third of the line between the right anterior superior iliac spine and the umbilicus

A

Appendix

101
Q

This is the site of maximum tenderness in acute appendicitis.

A

McBurney point

102
Q

Most common site of appendix

A

Retrocecal

103
Q

Where does Appendiceal artery arise?

A

Iliocolic artery from Superior mesenteric artery

104
Q

Arterial supply of cecum?

A

Anterior and posterior cecal arteries form iliocolic artery (branch of superior mesenteric artery)

105
Q

an internal examination of the colon, using a flexible colonoscope with a small camera.

A

Colonoscopy

106
Q

described as pelvic organs

A

Rectum and Anal Canal

107
Q

Extend from the sigmoid colon to the anus

A

Rectum and Anal Canal

108
Q

Where is villi present?

A

small intestine

109
Q

Arterial supply of rectum

A

Middle rectal artery from Internal iliac artery
Inferior rectal artery from Internal pudendal artery
Superior rectal artery from Inferior mesenteric artery

General Anatomy 1 (31 decks)

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