GI Viscera

Question 1

Is a muscular tube (approximately 10 in. or 25 cm long) that extends from the pharynx to the stomach, but the short abdominal part extends from the diaphragm to the cardiac orifice of the stomach, entering the abdomen through an opening in the right crus of the diaphragm

Answer 1

Esophagus

Question 2

How long is the abdominal part of Esophagus?

Answer 2

0.5 inches

Question 3

circular layer of smooth muscle at the terminal portion of the esophagus

Answer 3

physiologic esophageal sphincter

Question 4

What prevents the stomach contents from regurgitating into the esophagus?

Answer 4

tonic contraction of physiologic esophageal sphincter

Question 5

At what level does the esophagus enter the abdomen?

Answer 5

T10

Question 6

Anterior relations of Abdominal Esophagus

Answer 6

left liver lobe & left vagus

Question 7

Posterior relations of Abdominal Esophagus

Answer 7

left crus of diaphragm & right vagus

Question 8

Arterial supply of Abdominal Esophagus

Answer 8

Left gastric artery

Question 9

Where is the origin of Left gastric artery?

Answer 9

ciliac artery

Question 10

Lymph Drainage of Abdominal Esophagus

Answer 10

Left gastric nodes

Question 11

Nerve supply of Abdominal Esophagus

Answer 11

anterior & posterior gastric nerves (vagi) & sympathetic branches of thoracic part of sympathetic trunk

Question 12

Cricopharynx vertebral level

Answer 12

C6

Question 13

Oesophageal hiatus vertebral level

Answer 13

T10

Question 14

What is the portion of esophagus with direct voluntary / sympathetic control?

Answer 14

upper portion (cricoid area)

Question 15

What are the difference in the course of right and left vagus nerve?

Answer 15

Left vagus nerve CROSSES left surface of aortic arch.
Right VN: reforms to make POSTERIOR gastric nerve
Left VN: reforms to make ANTERIOR gastric nerve

Question 16

caused by a lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction (relaxation or weakness) and/or hiatal hernia, causing reflux of stomach contents

Answer 16

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Question 17

a (congenital) herniation of part of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus into the thoracic cavity

Answer 17

Hiatal or esophageal hernia

Question 18

What forms the stomach bed?

Answer 18

pancreas, 
spleen, 
left kidney, 
left suprarenal gland,
transverse colon and its mesocolon,
diaphragm

Question 19

covered entirely by peritoneum and is located in the left hypochondriac and epigastric regions of the abdomen.

Answer 19

Stomach

Question 20

What are the 4 regions of stomach?

Answer 20

cardia (nearest to esophagus),
fundus,
body, and
pylorus (nearest to duodenum)

Question 21

What are divisions of pylorus?

Answer 21

pyloric antrum and pyloric canal

Question 22

a group of thickened circular smooth muscles in the pyloric orifice

Answer 22

pyloric sphincter (true sphincter)

Question 23

What does pyloric sphincter control?

Answer 23

rate of discharge of stomach contents into the duodenum

Question 24

What happens to pyloric sphincter during sympathetic and parasympathetic?

Answer 24

Sympathetic: Constricted
Parasympathetic: Relaxed

Question 25

What are two openings of stomach?

Answer 25

cardiac and pyloric openings

Question 26

What are the 2 curves of stomach?

Answer 26

greater and lesser curvatures

Question 27

Junction between pylorus and duodenum and body of stomach

Answer 27

Incisura angularis (angular notch)

Question 28

What are the two notches in stomach?

Answer 28

cardiac and angular notches

Question 29

Junction between esophagus and cardia and fundus

Answer 29

cardiac notch

Question 30

What are structures of the stomach bed separated from stomach by lesser sac?

Answer 30

``` Diaphragm Left suprarenal gland Left kidney Splenic artery Pancreas Transverse colon Splenic flexure of colon ```

Question 31

What structure of the stomach bed is separated from stomach by greater sac?

Answer 31

Spleen

Question 32

What is the left side of colon before it becomes the descending colon?

Answer 32

Splenic flexure/ Left colic flexure

Question 33

What is the right side of colon before ascending colon becomes transverse colon?

Answer 33

Hepatic flexure

Question 34

What are the postero-inferior surface of stomach?

Answer 34

Structures of Stomach bed

Question 35

What are the left and right antero-superior surface of stomach?

Answer 35

Left: diaphragm, pericardium, 7-9 ribs, left intercostal spaces Right: left lobes of liver and anterior abdominal wall

Question 36

Where does stomach receive blood?

Answer 36

right and left gastric, right and left gastroepiploic, and short gastric arteries.

Question 37

What are the appearance of longitudinal folds of mucous membrane during contraction?

Answer 37

rugae

Question 38

a grooved channel along the lesser curvature formed by the rugae, directs fluids toward the pylorus.

Answer 38

gastric canal

Question 39

What does stomach produce?

Answer 39

mucus, hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and the hormone gastrin

Question 40

It protects the stomach from self-digestion

Answer 40

Mucus

Question 41

It destroys many organisms and provides the required acid environment for pepsin activity

Answer 41

hydrochloric acid

Question 42

It converts proteins to polypeptides

Answer 42

pepsin

Question 43

It is produced in the stomach that stimulates gastric acid secretion.

Answer 43

gastrin

Question 44

What stimulate gastric secretion in the vagus nerve?

Answer 44

Parasympathetic fibers

Question 45

What cells secrete mucus?

Answer 45

Goblet cells

Question 46

Principally secrete HCl acid and intrinsic factor

Answer 46

Parietal cells

Question 47

What is the intrinsic factor in stomach?

Answer 47

a glycoprotein secreted by parietal cells necessary for absorption of Vit B12

Question 48

Nerve supply of stomach

Answer 48

LARP: left vagus nerve, anterior vagal trunk; right vagus nerve, posterior vagal trunk

Question 49

A thin colorless, acidic liquid secreted by stomach glands

Answer 49

Gastric juice

Question 50

Where is the origin of left gastroepiploic and short gastric arteries?

Answer 50

Splenic artery

Question 51

What is the origin of right gastric and gastroduodenal artery?

Answer 51

Proper Hepatic Artery

Question 52

Where is the origin of right gastroepiploic artery?

Answer 52

Gastroduodenal artery

Question 53

What are the three main venous drainage of stomach?

Answer 53

Hepatic portal vein Splenic vein Superior mesenteric vein

Question 54

What drains into hepatic portal vein?

Answer 54

Right and left gastric vein

Question 55

What drains into splenic vein?

Answer 55

Left gastro-omental vein | Short gastric vein

Question 56

What drains into superior mesenteric vein?

Answer 56

Right gastro-omental vein

Question 57

erosion in the lining of the stomach or duodenum

Answer 57

Peptic ulcer

Question 58

Causes of peptic ulcer

Answer 58

Helicobacter pylori | denuded mucosa of stomach because of increase acid content

Question 59

Where is peptic ulcer most common to occur?

Answer 59

first part of the duodenum (duodenal ulcer)

Question 60

Extends from the pyloric opening to the ileocecal junction where complete digestion and absorption of most of the products of digestion and water, electrolytes, and minerals such as calcium and iron occur.

Answer 60

Small Intestine

Question 61

Is a C-shaped tube surrounding the head of the pancreas and is the shortest (25 cm [10 in.] long or 12 fingerbreadths in length) but widest part of the small intestine.

Answer 61

Duodenum

Question 62

Which part of duodenum is not retroperitoneal?

Answer 62

First Part (Superior)

Question 63

What connects first part of duodenum to the liver?

Answer 63

hepatoduodenal ligament of lesser omentum

Question 64

Where does duodenum receive blood?

Answer 64

celiac (foregut) and superior mesenteric (midgut) artery

Question 65

Has a mobile or free section, termed the duodenal cap (because of its appearance on radiographs), into which the pylorus invaginates.

Answer 65

Superior (First) Part (Horizontal Cap)

Question 66

Contains the junction of the foregut and midgut, where the common bile and main pancreatic ducts open.

Answer 66

Descending (Second) Part(Pars Descendens)

Question 67

It is where terminal openings of the bile and main pancreatic ducts (of Wirsung) are located

Answer 67

greater papilla

Question 68

It lies 2 cm above the greater papilla and marks the site of entry of the accessory pancreatic duct (of Santorini)

Answer 68

lesser papilla

Question 69

Is the longest part and crosses the IVC, aorta, and vertebral column to the left.

Answer 69

Transverse (Third) Part (Pars Horizontalis)

Question 70

Is crossed anteriorly by the superior mesenteric vessels

Answer 70

Transverse (Third) Part (Pars Horizontalis)

Question 71

Ascends to the left of the aorta to the level of the second lumbar vertebra and terminates at the duodenojejunal junction, which is fixed in position by the suspensory ligament (of Treitz).

Answer 71

Ascending (Fourth) Part (Pars Ascendens)

Question 72

Anatomic landmark dividing gastrointestinal tract into upper and lower GI Tract

Answer 72

Ligament of Treitz

Question 73

What vertebral level are the first, second, and third part of duodenum respectively?

Answer 73

L1, L2, L3

Question 74

What is the arterial supply pf duodenum?

Answer 74

Upper half: superior pancreaticoduodenal artery | Lower half: inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery

Question 75

Origin of superior pancreaticoduodenal artery

Answer 75

Gastroduodenal artery

Question 76

Origin of Gastroduodenal artery

Answer 76

primary hepatic artery

Question 77

caused by postoperative adhesions, tumors, Crohn's disease, hernias, peritonitis, gallstones, volvulus, congenital malrotation, stricture, and intussusception (invagination of one part of the intestine into another)

Answer 77

Small bowel obstruction

Question 78

Makes up the proximal two-fifths of the small intestine

Answer 78

Jejunum

Question 79

emptier, larger in diameter, and thicker walled than the ileum

Answer 79

Jejunum

Question 80

Has the plicae circulares (circular folds), which are tall and closely packed

Answer 80

Jejunum

Question 81

Contains no Peyer patches (aggregations of lymphoid tissue)

Answer 81

Jejunum

Question 82

Has translucent areas called windows between the blood vessels of its mesentery

Answer 82

Jejunum

Question 83

Has less prominent arterial arcades (anastomotic loops) in its mesentery

Answer 83

Jejunum

Question 84

Has longer vasa recta (straight arteries, or arteriae rectae)

Answer 84

Jejunum

Question 85

Longer than the jejunum and occupies the false pelvis in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen

Answer 85

Ileum

Question 86

Characterized by the presence of Peyer patches (lower portion), shorter plicae circulares and vasa racta, and more mesenteric fat and arterial arcades

Answer 86

Ileum

Question 87

an outpouching (fingerlike) pouch of the ileum, derived from an unobliterated vitelline duct and located 2 ft proximal to the ileocecal junction on the antimesenteric side.

Answer 87

Meckel's diverticulum

Question 88

Has ascending and descending colons that are retroperitoneal and transverse and sigmoid colons that are surrounded by peritoneum (they have their own mesenteries, the transverse mesocolon and the sigmoid mesocolon, respectively).

Answer 88

Colon

Question 89

The ascending and transverse colons are supplied by?

Answer 89

superior mesenteric artery and the vagus nerve

Question 90

the descending and sigmoid colons are supplied by the?

Answer 90

inferior mesenteric artery and the pelvic splanchnic nerves

Question 91

three narrow bands of the outer longitudinal muscular coat

Answer 91

Teniae coli

Question 92

produced by the teniae, which are slightly shorter than the gut

Answer 92

Sacculations or haustra

Question 93

peritoneum-covered sacs of fat, attached in rows along the teniae

Answer 93

Epiploic appendages

Question 94

Extends from the ileocecal junction to the anus and is approximately 1.5 m (5 ft) long

Answer 94

Large intestine

Question 95

Consists of the cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and anal canal

Answer 95

Large intestine

Question 96

Functions to convert the liquid contents of the ileum into semisolid feces by absorbing water, salts, and electrolytes. It also stores and lubricates feces with mucus.

Answer 96

Large intestine

Question 97

Blind pouch of the large intestine. It lies in the right iliac fossa and is usually surrounded by peritoneum but has not mesentery.

Answer 97

Cecum

Question 98

Is a narrow, hollow, muscular tube with large aggregations of lymphoid tissue in its wall. Is suspended from the terminal ileum by a small mesentery, the mesoappendix, which contains the appendicular vessels.

Answer 98

Appendix

Question 99

Causes spasm and distention when inflamed, resulting in pain that is referred to the periumbilical region and moves down and to the right.

Answer 99

Appendix

Question 100

Has a base that lies deep to McBurney point, which occurs at the junction of the lateral one-third of the line between the right anterior superior iliac spine and the umbilicus

Answer 100

Appendix

Question 101

This is the site of maximum tenderness in acute appendicitis.

Answer 101

McBurney point

Question 102

Most common site of appendix

Answer 102

Retrocecal

Question 103

Where does Appendiceal artery arise?

Answer 103

Iliocolic artery from Superior mesenteric artery

Question 104

Arterial supply of cecum?

Answer 104

Anterior and posterior cecal arteries form iliocolic artery (branch of superior mesenteric artery)

Question 105

an internal examination of the colon, using a flexible colonoscope with a small camera.

Answer 105

Colonoscopy

Question 106

described as pelvic organs

Answer 106

Rectum and Anal Canal

Question 107

Extend from the sigmoid colon to the anus

Answer 107

Rectum and Anal Canal

Question 108

Where is villi present?

Answer 108

small intestine

Question 109

Arterial supply of rectum

Answer 109

Middle rectal artery from Internal iliac artery Inferior rectal artery from Internal pudendal artery Superior rectal artery from Inferior mesenteric artery