UE 1 Flashcards
- Is a double synovial plane (gliding) joint united by the fibrous capsule.
- Is reinforced by the anterior and posterior sternoclavicular, interclavicular, and costoclavicular ligaments.
- Allows elevation and depression, protraction and retraction, and circumduction of the shoulder.
Sternoclavicular Joint
• Is a synovial plane joint that allows a gliding movement when the scapula rotates and is rein forced by the coracoclavicular ligament, which consists of the conoid and trapezoid ligaments.
Acromioclavicular Joint
• Are miniature long bones consisting of bases, shafts, and heads. The heads of the proximal and middle phalanges form the knuckles.
Occur in fingers (three each) and thumb (two).
Phalanges
• Are miniature long bones consisting of bases (proximal ends), shafts (bodies), and heads (distal ends). Heads form the knuckles of the fist.
Metacarpals
It is an entrapment of the ulnar nerve in the Guyon canal, which causes pain, numbness, and tingling in the ring and little fingers, followed by loss of sensation and motor weakness.
Guyon canal syndrome
It is a fracture of the necks of the second and third metacarpals, seen in professional boxers, and typically of the fifth metacarpal in unskilled boxers
Boxer’s fracture
Except for the pisiform, articulates with the radius and the articular disk (the ulna has no contact with the carpal bones). The pisiform is said to be a sesamoid bone contained in the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon.
Proximal Row (Lateral to Medial): Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, and Pisiform
Two rows of four (lateral to medial) of Carpal bones
Sandra Likes To Pat Tom's Two Cold Hands: scaphoid lunate triquetrum pisiform trapezium trapezoid capitate hamate
• Articulates with the articular disk of the distal radioulnar joint and has a styloid process.
Head (Distal End)
Accommodates the head of the radius at the proximal radioulnar joint.
Radial Notch
Is a roughened prominence distal to the coronoid process that provides an attachment site for the brachialis
Ulnar Tuberosity
Receives the trochlea of the humerus
Trochlear Notch
Is located below the trochlear notch and provides an attachment site for the brachialis
Coronoid Process
Is the curved projection on the back of the elbow that provides an attachment site for the triceps tendon.
Olecranon
The distal fragment is displaced anteriorly. This fracture may show styloid processes of the radius and ulna lineup on a radiograph.
reverse Colles fracture (Smith fracture)
It is a distal radius fracture in which the distal fragment is displaced (tilted) posteriorly, producing a characteristic bump described as dinner (silver) fork deformity because the forearm and wrist resemble the shape of a dinner fork.
Colles fracture of the wrist
Where can Styloid Process be palpated?
proximal part of the anatomic snuffbox between the extensor pollicis longus and brevis tendons
• Is located on the distal end of the radius and is approximately 1 cm distal to that of the ulna and provides insertion of the brachioradialis muscle.
Styloid Process
Is an oblong prominence just distal to the neck and provides an attachment site for the biceps brachii tendon
Radial Tuberosity
Articulates with the proximal row of carpal bones, including the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetral bones but excludes the pisiform bone
Distal End
Is enclosed by the lower margin of the annular ligament, and the neck and head are free from capsular attachment and thus can rotate freely within the socket
Neck of radius
Articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna and is surrounded by the annular ligament
Head (Proximal End)
Is shorter than the ulna and is situated lateral to the ulna
Radius
- Projects from the trochlea and has a groove on the back for the ulnar nerve and superior ulnar collateral artery.
- Provides attachment sites for the ulnar collateral ligament, the pronator teres, and the common tendon of the forearm flexor muscles.
Medial Epicondyle
Projects from the capitulum and provides the origin of the supinator and extensor muscles of the forearm. It is an attachment site for the radial collateral ligament.
Lateral Epicondyle
Is an anterior depression above the capitulum that is occupied by the head of the radius during full flexion of the elbow joint.
Radial Fossa
Is an anterior depression above the trochlea of the humerus that accommodates the coronoid process of the ulna on flexion of the elbow
Coronoid Fossa
Is a posterior depression above the trochlea of the humerus that houses the olecranon of the ulna on full extension of the forearm
Olecranon Fossa
Is the lateral articular surface, globular in shape, and articulates with the head of the radius
Capitulum
Is a spool-shaped medial articular surface and articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna
Trochlea
It may damage the ulnar nerve. This nerve may be compressed in a groove behind the medial epicondyle “funny bone,” causing numbness.
Fracture of the medial epicondyle
• Contains the radial nerve, separating the origin of the lateral head of the triceps above and the origin of the medial head below.
Spiral Groove of humerus
Is a rough triangular elevation on the lateral aspect of the midshaft that marks the insertion of the deltoid muscle.
Deltoid Tuberosity
Is a narrow area distal to the tubercles that is a common site of fracture and is in contact with the axillary nerve and the posterior humeral circumflex artery.
Surgical Neck of humerus
Provides insertions for the pectoralis major on its lateral lip, the teres major on its medial lip, and the latissimus dorsi on its floor
Intertubercular (Bicipital) Groove of humerus
Lies between the greater and lesser tubercles, lodges the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle, and is bridged by the transverse humeral ligament.
Intertubercular (Bicipital) Groove of humerus
• Lies on the anterior medial side of the humerus, just distal to the anatomic neck, and provides an insertion for the subscapularis muscle.
Lesser Tubercle of humerus
Lies just lateral and distal to the anatomic neck and provides attachments for the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor muscles.
Greater Tubercle of the humerus
Is an indentation distal to the head and provides an attachment for the fibrous joint capsule
Anatomic Neck of humerus
Articulates with the scapula at the glenohumeral joint (ball and socket joint).
Head of humerus
• Provide origins for the tendons of the long heads of the biceps brachii and triceps brachii muscles, respectively.
Supraglenoid and Infraglenoid Tubercles
• Is deepened by the glenoid labrum for the head of the humerus.
Glenoid Cavity
• Is bridged by the superior transverse scapular ligament and converted into a foramen that transmits the suprascapular nerve.
Scapular Notch
• Provides the origin of the coracobrachialis and short head of biceps brachii, the insertion of the pectoralis minor, and the attachment site for the coracoclavicular,coracohumeral, and coracoacromial ligaments and the costocoracoid membrane.
Coracoid Process
- Is the lateral end of the spine and articulates with the clavicle.
- Provides an origin for the deltoid and an insertion for the trapezius.
Acromion
Also called the shoulder blade
Scapula
- Is a triangular-shaped process that continues laterally as the acromion.
- Divides the posterior scapula into the upper supraspinous and lower infraspinous fossae, and also provides an origin for the deltoid and an insertion for the trapezius.
Spine of the Scapula
Where does fracture of clavicle commonly occur?
at the junction of its middle and lateral thirds
Medial and Lateral end of Clavicle
Medial: Sternal end
Lateral: Acromion end
the only long bone to be ossified intramembranously and forms from somatic lateral plate mesoderm
Clavicle (Collarbone)
first bone to begin ossification during fetal development, but it is the last one to complete ossification, at approximately 21 years of age
Clavicle (Collarbone)
What forms the pectoral (Shoulder) girdle?
Clavicle (Collarbone)
scapula
commonly fractured bone of the body
Clavicle (Collarbone)
Lie in the axilla
Axiliary Lymph Nodes
Accompanies the cephalic vein and drains into the lateral axillary nodes and also into the deltopectoral (infraclavicular) node, which then drain into the apical nodes.
Lateral Group of Lymphatic Vessels
Accompanies the basilic vein, passes through the cubital or supratrochlear nodes; and ascends to enter the lateral axillary nodes, which drain first into the central axillary nodes and then into the apical axillary nodes
Medial Group of Lymphatic Vessels
• Drain into the plexuses on the dorsum and palm of the hand, which form the medial and lateral lymph vessels.
Lymphatics of the Finger
Is a network of veins formed by the dorsal metacarpal veins that receive dorsal digital veins and continues proximally as the cephalic vein and the basilic vein
Dorsal Venous Network
Arises in the palmar venous network, ascends on the front of the forearm, and terminates in the median cubital or the basilic vein
Median Antebrachial Vein
- Connects the cephalic vein to the basilic vein over the cubital fossa.
- Lies superficial to the bicipital aponeurosis, and thus separates it from the brachial artery, which is vulnerable to being punctured during intravenous injections and blood transfusions. The median nerve on the medial side of the artery is also vulnerable to an incorrectly placed needle.
Median Cubital Vein
Where does Basilic Vein drain?
axillary vein
- Arises from the dorsal venous arch of the hand and accompanies the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve along the ulnar border of the forearm and passes anterior to the medial epicondyle.
- Pierces the deep fascia of the arm and joins the brachial veins (the venae comitantes of the brachial artery) to form the axillary vein at the lower border of the teres major muscle.
Basilic Vein
Where does Cephalic vein drain?
axillary vein (end of the axillary vein)
Where do most med technicians extract blood?
Median cubital vein
Begins as a radial continuation of the dorsal venous network, runs on the lateral side, and is often connected with the basilic vein by the median cubital vein in front of the elbow. Ascends along the lateral surface of the biceps, pierces the brachial fascia, and lies in the deltopectoral triangle with the deltoid branch of the thoracoacromial trunk.
Cephalic Vein
Is the lateral cutaneous branch of the second intercostal nerve emerging from the second intercostal space and may communicate with the medial brachial cutaneous nerve
Intercostobrachial Nerve
Arise from the radial nerve and innervate the posterior sides of the arm and forearm, respectively
Posterior Brachial and Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerves
Arises from the musculocutaneous nerve and innervates the lateral side of the forearm.
Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve
Arises from the axillary nerve and innervates the lateral side of the arm
Lateral Brachial Cutaneous Nerve
Arises from the medial cord of the brachial plexus and innervates the medial side of the forearm
Medial Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve
Arises from the medial cord of the brachial plexus and innervates the medial side of the arm
Medial Brachial Cutaneous Nerve
Arises from the cervical plexus (C3, C4) and innervates the skin over the upper pectoral, deltoid, and outer trapezius areas
Supraclavicular Nerve
Are hinge joints that allow flexion and extension
Interphalangeal Joints
Are condyloid joints that allow flexion and extension, and abduction and adduction
Metacarpophalangeal Joints
- Form synovial saddle (sellar) joints between the carpal bone (trapezium) and the first metacarpal bone, allowing flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and circumduction.
- Also form plane joints between the carpal bones and the medial four metacarpal bones, allowing a simple gliding movement.
Carpometacarpal Joints
• Forms a synovial plane joint between the proximal and distal rows of carpal bones and allows gliding and sliding movements.
Midcarpal Joint
- Is a synovial condylar joint formed superiorly by the radius and the articular disk and inferiorly by the proximal row of carpal bones (scaphoid, lunate, and rarely triquetrum).
- Its capsule is strengthened by radial and ulnar collateral ligaments and dorsal and palmar radiocarpal ligaments, and it allows flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and circumduction.
Wrist (Radiocarpal) Joint
• Forms a synovial pivot joint between the head of the ulna and the ulnar notch of the radius and allows pronation and supination.
Distal Radioulnar Joint
• Forms a synovial pivot joint in which the head of the radius articulates with the radial notch of the ulna and allows pronation and supination by permitting the head of radius to rotate within the encircling annular ligament.
Proximal Radioulnar Joint
- Is triangular and is composed of anterior, posterior, and oblique bands.
- Extends from the medial epicondyle to the coronoid process and the olecranon of the ulna
Ulnar Collateral Ligament
Extends from the lateral epicondyle to the anterior and posterior margins of the radial notch of the ulna and the annular ligament of the radius
Radial Collateral Ligament
- Is a fibrous band that is attached to the anterior and posterior margins of the radial notch of the ulna and forms nearly four-fifths of a circle around the head of the radius; the radial notch forms the remainder.
- Encircles the head of the radius and holds it in position and fuses with the radial collateral ligament and the articular capsule.
Annular Ligament
What kind of joint is proximal radioulnar joint?
synovial pivot joint
• Forms a synovial hinge joint, consisting of the humeroradial and humeroulnar joints, and allows flexion and extension. It also includes the proximal radioulnar joint, within a common articular capsule.
Elbow Joint
Lies between the subscapularis tendon and the neck of the scapula and communicates with the synovial cavity of the shoulder joint.
Subscapular Bursa
Lies between the deltoid muscle and the shoulder joint capsule, usually communicates with the subacromial bursa, and facilitates the movement of the deltoid muscle over the joint capsule and the supraspinatus tendon.
Subdeltoid Bursa
Lies between the coracoacromial arch and the supraspinatus muscle, usually communicates with the subdeltoid bursa, and protects the supraspinatus tendon against friction with the acromion.
Subacromial Bursa
Extends from the coracoid process to the clavicle and consists of the trapezoid and conoid ligaments.
Coracoclavicular Ligament
Extends from the coracoid process to the acromion.
Coracoacromial Ligament
Extends from the coracoid process to the greater tubercle
Coracohumeral Ligament
Extends between the greater and lesser tubercles and holds the tendon of the long head of the biceps in the intertubercular groove.
Transverse Humeral Ligament
• Extend from the supraglenoid tubercle to the upper part of the lesser tubercle of the humerus (superior glenohumeral ligament), to the lower anatomic neck of the humerus (middle glenohumeral ligament), and to the lower part of the lesser tubercle of the humerus (inferior glenohumeral ligament).
Glenohumeral Ligaments
• Keeps the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa during movements and thus stabilizes the shoulder joint.
Rotator (Musculotendinous) Cuff
What forms the Rotator cuff?
tendons of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis (SITS)
What may Dislocation (subluxation) of the shoulder joint damage?
axillary nerve
posterior humeral circumflex vessels
• May be subject to inferior or anterior dislocation, which stretches the fibrous capsule, avulses the glenoid labrum, and may injure the axillary nerve.
Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint
• Is surrounded by the fibrous capsule that is attached superiorly to the margin of the glenoid cavity and inferiorly to the anatomic neck of the humerus. The capsule is reinforced by the rotator cuff, the glenohumeral ligaments, and the coracohumeral ligaments.
Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint
• Is a synovial ball-and-socket joint between the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the head of the humerus. Both articular surfaces are covered with hyaline cartilage.
Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint
It can result from a fall on the shoulder with the impact taken by the acromion or from a fall on the outstretched arm. It is called a shoulder separation because the shoulder is separated from the clavicle when the joint dislocation with rupture of the coracoclavicular ligament occurs.
Dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint
- Is a double synovial plane (gliding) joint united by the fibrous capsule.
- Is reinforced by the anterior and posterior sternoclavicular, interclavicular, and costoclavicular ligaments.
- Allows elevation and depression, protraction and retraction, and circumduction of the shoulder.
Sternoclavicular Joint
• May be subject to inferior or anterior dislocation, which stretches the fibrous capsule, avulses the glenoid labrum, and may injure the axillary nerve.
C. Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint
- Is a fibrous band that is attached to the anterior and posterior margins of the radial notch of the ulna and forms nearly four-fifths of a circle around the head of the radius; the radial notch forms the remainder.
- Encircles the head of the radius and holds it in position and fuses with the radial collateral ligament and the articular capsule.
- Annular Ligament
• Forms a synovial pivot joint in which the head of the radius articulates with the radial notch of the ulna and allows pronation and supination by permitting the head of radius to rotate within the encircling annular ligament.
E. Proximal Radioulnar Joint
