vaccines Flashcards
vaccine for HEP B
IM
angle for iM
90 degrees
angle for s.c
45
angle for intradermal
around 20-25 degrees
whcih vaccine is intradermal
TB
amount of TB vaccine
0.1 ! know this because its unique as most vaccines have the same amount
polysaccahride vaccine
contain from the polysacchardie capsule which often helps the pathogen evade the immune response
- becayse they are very small they areoften not immunogneic so not effective for young kids (under 18-24 months)
and Induce only short-term immunity (slow immune response, slowrise of antibody levels, no immune memory).
recombinat vaccine
like HEP B and influenza, HPV
produced by a yeast cell which makes copies of the antigen. done with genetic engineering technology
Combinedvaccines-
theyareproducedfromantigensofseveralmicroorganismsandcreateimmunityagainstseveralinfectiousdiseasesimultaneousy
adavantges of combines
- you dont keep poking and prodding the child especially if fear of needles
- Reducing the cost of stocking and administering separate vaccines,
■ Reducing the cost of extra health care visits,
no evidence exists that the administration of several antigens incombined vaccines overwhelms the immune system, which has thecapability of responding to many millions of antigens at a time.Combining antigens usually does not increase the risk of adversereactions. In fact, it can lead to an overall reduction in adversereactions.
definition of immunisation
theprocesswherebyapersonismadeimmuneorresistanttoaninfectiousdisease,typicallybytheadministrationofvaccine
re- immunisation defintion
administeringaftersometimeofanotherdoseofthevaccine,sothatadequatelevelofimmunityissustained
classifcation of immunisations
mandatory and recommendatory
immunisation calender in bg
heImmunisationcalendarinBulgariaincludesvaccinesagainst11infectiousdisease,whicharemandatoryandsomerecomendaryvaccines(influenza,rotavirus,HPV)
ThecalendarinBulgariawasintroducedin1950andisapprovedbytheMinistryofHealth.
when should tb vaccine be given
WHO recommends the first dose of the vaccine to beadministered after the first contact of the baby with thehealth professionals (24-48 hours after delivery)
which vaccines are given orally
OPV - oral polio vaccine , chloera , rotavirus
inactivated vaccine
theyarepreparedfromhighlyvirulentstrainsofmicroorganismsorviruses,whichareinactivatedwithheat,UVorradiation
compare inactivated with live
inactivated is not as effective often needs multiple administrations
inactivated may not always induce an immune response and the response may be short lived
BUT THEY ARE CONSIDERED MORE STABLE THAN LIVE VACCINES
examples of killed vaccines
HEP B, POLIO, RABIES
TOXOID VACCINE
like corynebacterium and tetanus, you treat the toxin and make it harmless and this will illicit a whole immune response
which countries is polio still endemic
pakistan and afghanistan
who created the first vaccine for polio
Salk Salk tested his experimental killed-virus vaccine on himself and his family in 1953, and a year later on 1.6 million children in Canada, Finland and the USA.
Salks IPV (inactivated polio vaccine)
who invented the oPV
SABIN
IPV BS OPV
IPV - whilst it protected the vaccinated child it did not stop it from being passed to other children whereas OPV interrupted the chain of transmission
opv gave highter antibody titres of protection in compariosn
classification of immunity
innate + acquired
acquired divide into active and passive
active : natural + artifical
passive : natural + artifical
vaccines are an example of what type of immunity
active and artificial immunity
components of vaccines
1) antigen
2) stabiliser.
3) preservaitces
4) adjuvants
5) AB’S
preservatives
preservatives are added tomultidosevaccines toprevent bacterial and fungal growth. They include a variety ofsubstances, for exampleThiomersal, Formaldehyde, or Phenolderivatives.
adjuvants
added to vaccines to stimulate theproduction of antibodies against the vaccine to makeit more effective. Newly developed purified subunitor synthetic vaccines using biosynthetic,recombinant, and other modern technology are poorvaccine antigens and require adjuvants to provokethe desired immune response.
Aluminium salts are among the oldest adjuvants that are commonly used.They slow the escape of the antigen from the site of injection therebylengthening the duration of contact between the antigen and the immunesystem (i.e.macrophages and other antigen-receptive cells).
Aluminium salts are generally recognized as safe, however, they can causesterile abscesses and nodules at the site of injection. The formation of asmall granuloma is inevitable with alum-precipitated vaccines.
To ensure safe vaccination it is important thataluminiumsalts areadministered intramuscularly and not subcutaneously. Subcutaneousadministration can result in necrotic breakdown and cyst and abscessformation. To ensure the proper handling of intramuscular injections, it iscritical to ensure that vaccination staff has been well trained.
stablisisers
used to help the vaccine maintain itseffectiveness during storage.Factors affecting stabilityare temperature and acidity or alkalinity of the vaccine(pH). Stabilizing agents include MgCl2 (for OPV), MgSO4(for measles), lactose-sorbitol and sorbitol-gelatine.
antibiotics
used during the manufacturing phase to preventbacterial contamination of the tissue culture cells in which theviruses are grown.Usuallyonly trace amounts appear in vaccines,for example, MMR vaccine and IPV each contain less than 25micrograms of neomycin per dose (less than 0.000025 g). Personswho are known to be allergic to neomycin should be closelyobserved after vaccination so that any allergic reaction can treatedat once.
misconceptions
The overloaded immune system
The disappeared disease
More vaccinated than unvaccinated people get sick
The “Hygiene and Better Nutrition Are Responsiblefor the Reduction in Disease Rates, Not Vaccination”
The “Natural Immunity Is Better Than Vaccine-acquired Immunity”
LIVE VACCINE. FEATURES
vaccine prepared from live microorganisms orviruses cultured under adverse conditions, leading to loss of theirvirulence but retention of their ability to induce protectiveimmunity.
- mimic natural infection
- mostly 1 dose
- create permanet immunity
:( arehardtomaintaininlaboratoryconditionsandhaveashortexpirydate
live vaccines examples
TB, MMR, yellow fever
where should you not inject the hep b vaccine
in the buttock
