vaccines

Question 1

vaccine for HEP B

Answer 1

IM

Question 2

angle for iM

Answer 2

90 degrees

Question 3

angle for s.c

Answer 3

45

Question 4

angle for intradermal

Answer 4

around 20-25 degrees

Question 5

whcih vaccine is intradermal

Answer 5

TB

Question 6

amount of TB vaccine

Answer 6

0.1 ! know this because its unique as most vaccines have the same amount

Question 7

polysaccahride vaccine

Answer 7

contain from the polysacchardie capsule which often helps the pathogen evade the immune response

• becayse they are very small they areoften not immunogneic so not effective for young kids (under 18-24 months)
  and Induce only short-term immunity (slow immune response, slowrise of antibody levels, no immune memory).

Question 8

recombinat vaccine

Answer 8

like HEP B and influenza, HPV

produced by a yeast cell which makes copies of the antigen. done with genetic engineering technology

Question 9

Combinedvaccines-

Answer 9

theyareproducedfromantigensofseveralmicroorganismsandcreateimmunityagainstseveralinfectiousdiseasesimultaneousy 


Question 10

adavantges of combines

Answer 10

1. you dont keep poking and prodding the child especially if fear of needles
2. Reducing the cost of stocking and administering separate vaccines,
   ■ Reducing the cost of extra health care visits,

no evidence exists that the administration of several antigens incombined vaccines overwhelms the immune system, which has thecapability of responding to many millions of antigens at a time.Combining antigens usually does not increase the risk of adversereactions. In fact, it can lead to an overall reduction in adversereactions. 


Question 11

definition of immunisation

Answer 11

theprocesswherebyapersonismadeimmuneorresistanttoaninfectiousdisease,typicallybytheadministrationofvaccine

Question 12

re- immunisation defintion

Answer 12

administeringaftersometimeofanotherdoseofthevaccine,sothatadequatelevelofimmunityissustained 


Question 13

classifcation of immunisations

Answer 13

mandatory and recommendatory

Question 14

immunisation calender in bg

Answer 14

heImmunisationcalendarinBulgariaincludesvaccinesagainst11infectiousdisease,whicharemandatoryandsomerecomendaryvaccines(influenza,rotavirus,HPV) 



ThecalendarinBulgariawasintroducedin1950andisapprovedbytheMinistryofHealth.

Question 15

when should tb vaccine be given

Answer 15

WHO recommends the first dose of the vaccine to beadministered after the first contact of the baby with thehealth professionals (24-48 hours after delivery) 


Question 16

which vaccines are given orally

Answer 16

OPV - oral polio vaccine , chloera , rotavirus

Question 17

inactivated vaccine

Answer 17

theyarepreparedfromhighlyvirulentstrainsofmicroorganismsorviruses,whichareinactivatedwithheat,UVorradiation 


Question 18

compare inactivated with live

Answer 18

inactivated is not as effective often needs multiple administrations

inactivated may not always induce an immune response and the response may be short lived

BUT THEY ARE CONSIDERED MORE STABLE THAN LIVE VACCINES

Question 19

examples of killed vaccines

Answer 19

HEP B, POLIO, RABIES

Question 20

TOXOID VACCINE

Answer 20

like corynebacterium and tetanus, you treat the toxin and make it harmless and this will illicit a whole immune response

Question 21

which countries is polio still endemic

Answer 21

pakistan and afghanistan

Question 22

who created the first vaccine for polio

Answer 22

Salk Salk tested his experimental killed-virus vaccine on himself and his family in 1953, and a year later on 1.6 million children in Canada, Finland and the USA.

Salks IPV (inactivated polio vaccine)

Question 23

who invented the oPV

Answer 23

SABIN

Question 24

IPV BS OPV

Answer 24

IPV - whilst it protected the vaccinated child it did not stop it from being passed to other children whereas OPV interrupted the chain of transmission

opv gave highter antibody titres of protection in compariosn

Question 25

classification of immunity

Answer 25

innate + acquired acquired divide into active and passive active : natural + artifical passive : natural + artifical

Question 26

vaccines are an example of what type of immunity

Answer 26

active and artificial immunity

Question 27

components of vaccines

Answer 27

1) antigen 2) stabiliser. 3) preservaitces 4) adjuvants 5) AB'S

Question 28

preservatives

Answer 28

preservatives are added to multidose vaccines to prevent bacterial and fungal growth. They include a variety of substances, for example Thiomersal, Formaldehyde, or Phenol derivatives. 


Question 29

adjuvants

Answer 29

added to vaccines to stimulate the production of antibodies against the vaccine to make it more effective. Newly developed purified subunit or synthetic vaccines using biosynthetic, recombinant, and other modern technology are poor vaccine antigens and require adjuvants to provoke the desired immune response.  
 Aluminium salts are among the oldest adjuvants that are commonly used. They slow the escape of the antigen from the site of injection thereby lengthening the duration of contact between the antigen and the immune system (i.e. macrophages and other antigen-receptive cells). Aluminium salts are generally recognized as safe, however, they can cause sterile abscesses and nodules at the site of injection. The formation of a small granuloma is inevitable with alum-precipitated vaccines. 
 To ensure safe vaccination it is important that aluminium salts are administered intramuscularly and not subcutaneously. Subcutaneous administration can result in necrotic breakdown and cyst and abscess formation. To ensure the proper handling of intramuscular injections, it is critical to ensure that vaccination staff has been well trained. 


Question 30

stablisisers

Answer 30

used to help the vaccine maintain its effectiveness during storage. Factors affecting stability are temperature and acidity or alkalinity of the vaccine (pH). Stabilizing agents include MgCl2 (for OPV), MgSO4 (for measles), lactose-sorbitol and sorbitol-gelatine.

Question 31

antibiotics

Answer 31

used during the manufacturing phase to prevent bacterial contamination of the tissue culture cells in which the viruses are grown. Usually only trace amounts appear in vaccines, for example, MMR vaccine and IPV each contain less than 25 micrograms of neomycin per dose (less than 0.000025 g). Persons who are known to be allergic to neomycin should be closely observed after vaccination so that any allergic reaction can treated at once.  


Question 32

misconceptions

Answer 32

The overloaded immune system 
 The disappeared disease 
 More vaccinated than unvaccinated people get sick 
 The “Hygiene and Better Nutrition Are Responsible for the Reduction in Disease Rates, Not Vaccination” 
 The “Natural Immunity Is Better Than Vaccine-acquired Immunity”  


Question 33

LIVE VACCINE. FEATURES

Answer 33

vaccine prepared from live microorganisms or viruses cultured under adverse conditions, leading to loss of their virulence but retention of their ability to induce protective immunity. 
 - mimic natural infection - mostly 1 dose - create permanet immunity :( are hard to maintain in laboratory conditions and have a short expiry date 


Question 34

live vaccines examples

Answer 34

TB, MMR, yellow fever

Question 35

where should you not inject the hep b vaccine

Answer 35

in the buttock