shigella and salmonella

Question 1

vaccine for shigella

Answer 1

no

Question 2

difference between shigella and salmonella

Answer 2

shigella is more likely to cause bloody diarrhoea, sheigella does not have a capsule, shigella is non motile unlike salmonella, shigella only needs a few organism 10-100 to cause disease as not destroyed by stomach acid like salmonella is, so salmonella you need many microbrew to be I infected also we get shiegalla by contact with human faces whereas salmonella is via animal faces(but can be human faces as well)

Question 3

tx shigella

Answer 3

macrolide or fluroquinolones (ciprofloxacin)

Question 4

shiegalla symptoms

Answer 4

abdominal cramps
bloody diarrhoea
tenesmus
fever

Question 5

how do we catch shigella

Answer 5

fecal oral route

Question 6

how to we catch salmonella

Answer 6

via contamination of animal droppings inf food as salmonella lives in the gIT of animals such as birds or by the faces of humans as the bacteria lives in the GI of humans too, contaminated vegetables etc contaminated surfaces

Question 7

culture of shigella

Answer 7

macokeys agar both salmonella snd sheigella are lactose non fermenting so grow as colourless colonies

Question 8

types of shiegella

Answer 8

s. boudin
s. flexnerri
s.sonnei
s.dystenery

Question 9

virulence factors of shigella

Answer 9

endotoxin

exotoxin - some strains have the shigag toxin which is very similar to the EHEC , binds to the 60 s subunit of ribosomes and damages glomeruli and hence why can lead to HUS

Question 10

complications of shigella

Answer 10

HUS
toxic megacoln
Reuters
seziures!!!! NB in young children
rectal prolaps due to the tensusmus

Question 11

prevention of shigella

Answer 11

eating packaged food and water
chlorinated water
personal hygiene

Question 12

diagnosis of shiegella

Answer 12

stools- will see polymorpho luekpcyets (neutrophils) and rbc
culture on maconkeys agar

Question 13

target of shiegella

Answer 13

the colon, M cells of Peters patchers they invade cause inflammation and necrosis and ulcers

Question 14

what group do salmonella and shigella fall under

Answer 14

family enterobactericae - they are primary organisms as they always cause disease unlike secondary where they are commensals

Question 15

types of diarrhoea

Answer 15

No cell invasion: The bacteria bind to the in- testinal epithelial cells but do not enter the cell. Diar- rhea is caused by the release of exotoxins (called enterotoxins in the GI tract), which causes electrolyte
and fluid loss from intestinal epithelial cells or epithelial cell death. Watery diarrhea without systemic symp- toms (such as fever) is the usual picture. Enterotoxi- genic Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholera are examples.
2) Invasion of the intestinal epithelial cells: The bacteria have virulence factors that allow binding and invasion into cells. Toxins are then released that de- stroy the cells. The cell penetration results in a systemic immune response with local white blood cell infiltration (leukocytes in the stool) as well as fever. The cell death results in red blood cell leakage into the stool. Exam- ples: Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli, Shigella, and Sal- monella enteritidis.
taining white and red cells, this deeper invasion results in systemic symptoms of fever, headache, and white
blood cell count elevation. The deeper invasion can also result in mesenteric lymph node enlargement, bactere- mia, and sepsis. Examples: Salmonella typhi, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Campylobacter jejuni.

Question 16

salmonella virulence factors

Answer 16

has h antigens meaning its motile and it constantly changes its antigens evading the immune system

has a polysaccharide capsule

Question 17

what is shigella similar to

Answer 17

IEC) in that they both invade intestinal epithelial cells and release Shiga toxin, which causes cell de- struction. White cells arrive in an inflammatory reac- tion. The colon, when viewed via colonoscopy, has shallow ulcers where cells have sloughed off. The illness begins with fever (unlike ETEC and cholera, which do not invade epithelial cells and therefore do not induce a fever), abdominal pain, and diarrhea. The diarrhea may contains flecks of bright-red blood and pus (white cells). Patients develop diarrhea because the inflamed colon, damaged by the Shiga toxin, is unable to reabsorb fluids and electrolytes.

Question 18

shiga toxin

Answer 18

This is the same toxin as in EHEC and EIEC, and its mechanism is the same. has an A subunit and b subunit (binding) to allow the a toxin to enter and inactivate the 60 s ribosome stopping protein synthesis

Question 19

what type of disease is salmonella

Answer 19

its a zooinos but salmonella type is only humans harbour the disease!

Question 20

pathogenesis of s. thphi

Answer 20

Salm onella typhi movesonestepbeyond EIECand Shigella. After invading the intestinal ep- ithelial cells, it invades the regional lymph nodes, fi- nally seeding multiple organ systems. During this invasion the bacteria are phagocytosed by monocytes andcansurviveintracellularly.

Question 21

symptoms of thyphoid

Answer 21

rose spots - some poeple
abdominal pain that often mimics appendicitis
splenomegaly possible
white coating on the tongue
diarrhoea can be a feature but is actually uncommon !!!!!

Without treatment, symptoms may last weeks or months

Question 22

treatment of typhoid

Answer 22

fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin or ceftriaxone

Question 23

what is the issue with typhoid

Answer 23

people become chronic carriers and so harbour the disease in their gall bladders . These people are not actively infected and do not have any symptoms. A famous example occurred in 1868 when Typhoid Mary, a Swiss immigrant who worked as a cook, spread the disease to dozens in New York City. Some carriers actually require surgical
removal of their gallbladders to cure them.

Question 24

people with splenectomy and salmonella

Answer 24

RememberthatSalmonella isencapsulatedwiththeVi capsule. Our immune system clears encapsulated bacte ria by opsonizing them with antibodies and then the macrophages and neutrophils in the spleen (the reticulo-endothelial system) phagocytose the opsonized bacteria. So, patients who have lost their spleens (asplenic), either from trauma or from sickle-cell disease, have difficulty clearing encapsulated bacteria and are more susceptible to Salmonella infections. Pa- tients with sickle-cell anemia are particularly prone to Salmonella osteomyelitis

Question 25

types of salmonella

Answer 25

s. thyphi- number 1 cause of osteomyelitis with SCC
s. enteritis

Question 26

is there a vaccine for salmonella

Answer 26

for thyphi yes-
for enteritis - no

Question 27

diagnosis of salmonella

Answer 27

stool culture
culture on mackonkey agar

Question 28

treatment of s. enteritis

Answer 28

Treatment usually involves only fluid and electrolyte replacement, as antibiotics do not shorten the course of the disease and do cause prolonged bacterial shedding in the stool. The diarrhea only lasts a week or less.

Question 29

vaccine for typhoid

Answer 29

One is an inactivated (killed) vaccine (injection) and the other is a live,(mouth) attenuated (weakened) vaccine. its not a routine vaccination but is recommend if you are going to a country where thphoid is common or will be incotnact with a carrier of typhoid

Question 30

how do we classify salmonella

Answer 30

based on serotype into typhoidal and non thyphoida
typhoidal: s.thypi +s. parathphi A B C
non thyroidal : causes enteritis

there are more than 2,500 species

Question 31

how long does salmonella last in the git version

Answer 31

usually less than a week

Question 32

is it possible to have asymptomatic carriers in any of the diseases

Answer 32

yes specially for shigellaa, and possible for salmonella too

Question 33

incubation period for salmonella

Answer 33

up to 72 hours

Question 34

definition of infectious diarrhoea

Answer 34

3 or more watery stools within a 24 h period

Question 35

most common cause of infectious diarrhoea is

Answer 35

viruses

Question 36

what does it mean by endotoxin

Answer 36

ist the lipid portion of the LPS that surrounds the organism and forms part of the cells all o of the organism. the endotoxins are liberated when the bacteria die and cell wall breaks

Question 37

IP for shigella

Answer 37

3-7 ( up to a week) but can be as small as 12 hours after ingestion

Question 38

IP for thyroid

Answer 38

7-14 days

Question 39

epi of thyroid

Answer 39

africa, pakistan and banglesesh

Question 40

what happens if you down treat thyroid

Answer 40

it can be fatal about 30% of people will die

Question 41

how does thyroid cause disease

Answer 41

because it invades the Peters patchers and causes systemic symptoms as it spreads to other organs (heaptosplenomegaly) and spreads to the lN and can cause bacteria

Question 42

complications of thyroid

Answer 42

intestinal perforation

Question 43

diagnosis of thyphoid

Answer 43

blood culture is the choice
as a stool culture has no diagnostic values

Question 44

what toxins does salmonella produce

Answer 44

BOTH EXO + ENDO

Question 45

complications of typhoid

Answer 45

Sepsis
Intestinal perforation all due to necrosis of the peyer’s patcher
Intestinal haemorrhage- necorosi
Focal infections in other sites e.g., osteomyelitis(because bacteria seed through peyers patches and spread to the other sites like bones, leaving abscesses in places, pneumonia e.g

because bacteria excreted in bile — cholecysttisi