cholera

Question 1

strains of cholera

Answer 1

01 - includes serotypes inaba, ogawa, hikojima
0139

Question 2

diagnosis

Answer 2

culture: likes alkaline media

stool sample or rectal swab

Question 3

natural protectant of cholera

Answer 3

stomach acid!

Question 4

symptoms

Answer 4

rice water diarrhoea
vomiint
abdominal cramps
dehydration

Question 5

transmission

Answer 5

fecal oral
eating contaminated vegetables and sea food especially shell fish (undercooked especially)

Question 6

prophylaxis

Answer 6

there is a vaccine but immunity is short lived

Question 7

measures

Answer 7

isolation of the sick people
chlorination of water (but would hard to do in poor countries)

Question 8

vaccines

Answer 8

Currently there are three WHO pre-qualified oral cholera vaccines . all need 2 doses for protection

1. dukoral
2. shanchol
3. euvichol

Question 9

is there life long immunity to cholera

Answer 9

no you can become reinfected just like tetanus!

Question 10

tx

Answer 10

ORS - a prepackaged mixture of sugar and salts that is mixed with 1 liter of water and drunk in large amounts. This solution is used throughout the world to treat diarrhea. Severe cases also require intravenous fluid replacement.

Antibiotics shorten the course and diminish the severity of the illness, but they are not as important as rehydration.

Zinc is an important adjunctive therapy for children under 5, which also reduces the duration of diarrhoea

Question 11

TYPE OF VACCINE

Answer 11

both are killed whole cells of v. cholera

Question 12

how are the vaccine given

Answer 12

orally

Question 13

incubation period

Answer 13

very short - typically 1/2 days and can be a little as several hours to as long as 5 days

Question 14

seasonal spread

Answer 14

in some regions: epidemics occur in dry season ( a single source contaminated)

in some regions: epidemics occurs in rainy seasons

Question 15

risk factors for cholera

Answer 15

hypochlorisia- certain medications/children
unhygienic conditions
type 0 - not sure why but 2wice as likely to get infected

Question 16

mb

Answer 16

halophilic
gram -
motile (single flagella ) like salmonella

Question 17

antibiotics

Answer 17

doxycline is the best but resistance is increasing

Question 18

what’s the main pathogenic factor

Answer 18

the enterotoxin which is an exotoxin released in the small intestine

cholera toxin (same thing as enterotxn ) which has an a and b subunit, b binds to the host cell and a does the damage -

Question 19

epi

Answer 19

During the 19th century, cholera spread across the world from its original reservoir in the Ganges delta in India.