UWORLD Psych Flashcards
Uncontrolled variables that have an effect on the independent and or dependent variable
Confounding variable
An attributional error that occurs when an individual with a positive quality (physical attractiveness) is assumed to have other positive qualities
Halo effect
Decreased respond to a stimulus over time.
ex: no longer noticing a sweater feels scratchy after wearing it for a few minutes
Habituation
A renewed response to a previously habituated stimulus (ex: taking a sweater off and then putting it back on, it feels scratchy again)
Dishabituation
Increased response to a stimulus over time
Sensitization
Decreased response to a previously sensitized stimulus over time
Desensitization
Light levels impact neurons in the ___ of the hypothalamus which regulates melatonin release that establishes the body’s 24-hour clock
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
__ is mostly concerned with CAUSALITY, or the extent to which changes in the dependent variable can be attributed to changes in the independent variable
Internal validity
__is mostly concerned with generalizability or the extent to which results can be applied to other situations
External validity
Typically increases in internal validity result in ___
decrease in external validity
__is based on the idea that language is an entirely learned behavior. Suggests that humans are born as blank slates and develop language skills through operant conditioning, imitation, and practice
Learning theory of language development (BEHAVIORIST THEORY)
Suggest that language develops through both biological and social processes
Interactionist theory
Empasizes the importance of language exposure during a critical period in early life (before 12 years old) after which language development is more difficult. Asserts that humans are biologically programmed to acquire language if exposed to it during this critical period
Nativist theory of language
Is the belief that cognition controls language, posits that certain cognitive processes are univeral, so all human languages also possess certain universals
Universalism
Refers to thought-related mental processes (thinking, planning, reasoning) and is believed to be linked to language
Cognition
Contends that language development influences cognition but does not entirely determine or control it
Linguistic relativity theory
Asserted that cognition and language develop independently but are both influenced by social interaction. Cognition is the product of socialization and language arises out of a necessity for social communication
Vygotsky
A microsociological perspective that is concerned with the small-scale, person-to-person interactions that shape society
Symbolic interactionism
A microsociologicalp erspective that asserts that individuals interact with each other to maximize personal gain and minimize personal cost
Social exchange theory
Focuses on routine social interactions between individuals (part of symbolic interactionism), suggests that self concept (beliefs about oneself) is derived from social interactions with others, the way an individual is perceived and treated by others impacts how they then perceive themsevles
Looking-glass self
Posits that language influences our perception and cognition. If a person’s native language does not have separate names for the colors blue and indigo, that person could have difficulty discriminating blue from indigo in isolation, but could learn to differentiate them in practice
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis also known as linguistic relativity
States that language controls perception and cognition for example, if a person’s native language does not have separate names for blue and indigo, this theory posits that this person would be unable to perceive the colors as distinct
Linguistic determinism
Is responsible for the perception of finer detail, such as form and color in parallel processing
Parvo pathway
Is responsible for the perception of coarser details, such as depth and motion in parallel processing
Magno pathway
Individuals learn specific deviant behaviors and values/norms through interactions with others with those same behaviors and values/noroms
Differential association
Predicts that individuals experience tension when there is a disconnect between goals and available means for achieving them
Strain theory
A subfield that considers the various social factors that can impact the health of an individual or a population
Social epidemiology
A macro-level sociological perspective that compares society to a biological organism. Proposes that like the various organ systems attempting to maintain homeostasis in an organism, all aspects of society work together to maintain dynamic equilibrium
Structural functionalism
Micro or macro perspective of sociology that argues that members of a given society define what constitutes reality
Social constructionism
Individuals compare their beliefs and behaviors to those of __ members and model beliefs and behaviors of the __
reference group
Universal emotions include
Happiness, Sadness, fear, anger, disgust, and surprise
3 components of emotion are __,__ and _
Cognitive, behavioral, and physiological
This component of emotion includes all the mental processes that accompany the emotion, such as corresponding thoughts, motivations, beliefs, expectations, and an evaluation of the context/situation
Cognitive component
This component of emotion describes the immediate outward reaction that occurs in response to an emotion (ex: smiling, gasping)
Behavioral component
This component of emotion refers to the bodily processes that accompany an emotion (Changes in heart rate, respiration rate, sweating)
Physiological component
Measures the patterns and fluctuations of electrical impulses in the brain through electrodes placed on the scalp. Technique measures brain waves and is most often used to diagnose epilepsy, sleep disorders, and coma
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Uses radioactive tracer attached to a glucose analog to measure blood flow & glucose uptake induced by brain activity
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Is a neuroimaging tool that measures the difference in blood oxygenation between a resting condition and an active condition. Provides an indirect measure of brain activity associated with the experimental conditions
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
