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MCAT > MCAT Psychology Memory/Learning > Flashcards

MCAT Psychology Memory/Learning Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

An inability to form new memories

A

Anterograde amnesia

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2
Q

Process of learning in which one event, object, or action is directly connected with another. Two general categories include classical and operant conditioning

A

Associative learning

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3
Q

Parents impose strict rules that are expected to be followed unconditionally

A

Authoritarian parenting

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4
Q

Parents place limits on behavior and consistently follow through on consequences, but also allow for two-way communication with children

A

Authoritative parenting

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5
Q

The process by which one learns to ensure that a negative stimulus will not occur

A

Avoidance learning

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6
Q

The idea that information that is thought about at a deeper level is better remembered

A

Depth of processing

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7
Q

Occurs when the conditioned stimulus is differentiated from other stimuli

A

Discrimination (scientific)

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8
Q

The restoration to full strength of a response to a stimulus that had previously become weakened through habituation

A

Dishabituation

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9
Q

A hypothesis that is easier to remember words with associated images than either words or images alone

A

Dual coding hypothesis

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10
Q

The process of transferring sensory information into the memory system

A

Encoding

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11
Q

Autobiographical memory for information of personal importance

A

Episodic memory

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12
Q

Through operant conditioning, this is the process of learning to engage in a particular behavior in order to get away from a negative or aversive stimulus

A

Escape learning

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13
Q

Memories that can be consciously recalled, such as factual knowledge

A

Explicit (or declarative) memory

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14
Q

In classical conditioning, the unpairing of the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli

A

Extinction

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15
Q

Inaccurate memory created by the power of imagination or suggestion

A

False memory

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16
Q

Reinforcement schedule in which reward is offered after a set period of time has passed

A

Fixed-interval schedule

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17
Q

Reinforcement schedule in which reward is offered after a set number of instances of a behavior

A

Fixed-ratio schedule

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18
Q

Intense vivid “snapshot” of an emotionally intense experience

A

Flashbulb memory

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19
Q

In classical conditioning, the process by which stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus elicit the conditioned response

A

Generalization

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20
Q

Action that is performed repeatedly until it becomes automatic

A

Habit

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21
Q

A decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations

A

Habituation

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22
Q

The brief photographic memory for visual information, which decays in a few tenths of a second

A

Iconic memory

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23
Q

Memory that involves conditioned associations and knowledge of how to do something

A

Implicit (or procedural) memory

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24
Q

A lack of explicit memory for events that occurred before the age of roughly 3.5 years

A

Infantile amnesia

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25
Q

Category of attachment style in which infants are less likely to explore the environment in the presence of the mother and less likely to be soothed by her

A

Insecure attachment

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26
Q

Sudden flash of inspiration that provides a solution to a problem

A

Insight learning

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27
Q

Learning that takes place in the absence of any observable behavior to show that it has occurred

A

Latent learning

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28
Q

The unintended or less recognizable consequences or a social structure

A

Latent functions

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29
Q

Information that is retained long-term, potentially indefinitely

A

Long-term memory

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30
Q

A memory technique that involves imagining moving through a familiar place, and leaving visual representation topics to be remembered

A

Method of loci

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31
Q

Neurons that fire when a particular behavior or emotion is observed in another

A

Mirror neurons

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32
Q

A tendency to misremember an event, particularly when misleading information is presented between the event and the mental encoding of the event

A

Misinformation effect

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33
Q

Any memory technique use to promote the retention and retrieval of information

A

Mnemonic

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34
Q

Mechanism behind observational learning in which an observer sees a behavior performed, then imitates the behavior

A

Modeling

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35
Q

When learning occurs during a particular emotional state, it is most easily recalled when one is again in that emotional state

A

Mood-dependent memory

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36
Q

The removal of a positive or rewarding stimulus that decreases the likelihood of that behavior

A

Negative punishment

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37
Q

The removal of a negative or aversive stimulus following a behavior. Tends to increase the frequency of that behavior

A

Negative reinforcement

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38
Q

A form of associative learning based on consequences, in which rewards increase the frequency of behaviors and punishments decrease their frequency

A

Operant conditioning

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39
Q

In response to stroking a baby’s palm, the baby’s hand will grasp. This reflex lasts a few months

A

Palmar grasp reflex

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40
Q

Mnemonic strategy that involves assigning images to a sequence of numbers

A

Peg word method

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41
Q

Parenting style that creates few rules and demands and little discipline

A

Permissive parenting

42
Q

The introduction of a negative or aversive stimulus following a behavior. Tends to decrease the likelihood of that behavior

A

Positive punishment

43
Q

Reward immediately following a behavior that increases the frequency of that behavior

A

Positive reinforcement

44
Q

When old information facilitates the learning of new information

A

Positive transfer

45
Q

Unconditioned consequences that are innately satisfying or desirable. May be biologically driven

A

Primary reinforcers

46
Q

An effect of implicit memory whereby exposure to a given stimulus “primes” or prepares the brain to respond to a later stimulus

A

Priming

47
Q

A type of memory interference that occurs when previously learned information interferes with the recall of information learned more recently

A

Proactive interference

48
Q

Remembering to do something in the future

A

Prospective memory

49
Q

Retrieving information from memory

A

Recall

50
Q

Retrieving information from memory with the use of cues

A

Recognition

51
Q

Theory that memory is constructed rather than a perfect recollection of an event

A

Reconstructive memory

52
Q

Theory that suggests that memory recall occurs through storage of the original stimulus input and subsequent recall

A

Reproductive memory

53
Q

The amount of time elapsed since information was learned and when it must be recalled

A

Retention interval

54
Q

A type of memory interference that occurs when newly learned information interferes with the recall of information learned previously

A

Retroactive interference

55
Q

Occurs when one is unable to recall information that was previously encoded

A

Retrograde amnesia

56
Q

In response to touching one of a baby’s cheeks, it will turn its head in the direction of the stroke and open its mouth to “root” for a nipple

A

Rooting reflex

57
Q

Conditioned reinforcers that are learned through their relationship with primary reinforcers

A

Secondary reinforcers

58
Q

An attachment style that forms when an infant has caregivers who are sensitive and responsive to needs

A

Secure attachment

59
Q

The tendency to better remember information relevant to ourselves

A

Self-reference effect

60
Q

Memory for factual information

A

Semantic memory

61
Q

An increase in the strength of a response with a repeated presentation of a stimulus

A

Sensitization

62
Q

The initial recording of sensory information in the memory system: __is a very brief snapshot that quickly delays

A

Sensory memory

63
Q

When information is presented in a list, individuals are more likely to recall the first and last items presented

A

Serial position effect

64
Q

In operant conditioning, the process of reinforcing intermediate proximal behaviors until a final desired behavior is achieved

A

Shaping

65
Q

Memory that is limited in duration and in capacity

A

Short-term memory

66
Q

A specific type of error of recollection where a memory is incorrectly attributed to the wrong source

A

Source monitoring error

67
Q

In classical conditioning, a reoccurence of a previously extinct conditioned response in the presence of a conditioned stimulus

A

Spontaneous recovery

68
Q

Developmentally typical anxiety displayed by children aged eight to twelve months toward strangers

A

Stranger anxiety

69
Q

In response to anything touching the roof of the baby’s mouth, it will begin to suck

A

Sucking reflex

70
Q

In response to its head being turned to one side, a baby will stretch out its arm on the same side and the opposite arm bends up at the elbow

A

Tonic neck reflex

71
Q

A response that automatically follows an unconditioned stimulus, without necessitating learning and conditioning to create the link

A

Unconditioned response

72
Q

A stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response automatically, without necessitating learning and conditioning to create the link

A

Unconditioned stimulus

73
Q

In response to the soles of a baby’s feet touching a flat surface, they will attempt to “walk” by placing one foot in front of the other

A

Walking/stepping reflex

74
Q

Short term memory for information in immediate awareness, consisting of four components:

  • a central executive
  • phonological loop
  • visuospatial sketchpad
  • episodic buffer
A

Working memory

75
Q

The ___ of the brain is important in negative conditioning

A

Amygdala

76
Q

The ___ of the brain is believed to be particularly important in positive conditioning

A

Hippocampus

77
Q

Food and avoiding pain and danger are all forms of

A

Primary positive and negative reinforcers

78
Q

If a child reads a book and receives a stamp and 10 stamps gets her a pizza the stamps are__

A

secondary reinforcers

79
Q

Continuous reinforcement will result in rapid behavior ___ but also rapid __

A

acquisition and extinction

80
Q

Intermittent reinforcmeent schedule typically results in __

A

slower acquisiton of behavior but great persistence

81
Q

The two reinforcement schedules that produce the highest response rate in operant conditioning are__and__

A

Fixed ratio schedule

Variable ratio schedule

82
Q

The best way to teach new behavior with operant conditioning is __

A

Continuous reinforcement

83
Q

The slowest rate of extinction of a response in operant conditioning is through__

A

Variable ratio

84
Q

Two types of sensory memory are __ and ___

A

iconic memory and echoic memory

85
Q

Information from sensory memory decays rapidly if it is not passed through __ into short-term memory

A

Broadbent’s filter

86
Q

___ which is strongly correlated with the hippocampus, is where new information sought to be remembered resides temporarily and is then encoded to long-term memory or forgotten

A

Short term memory

87
Q

___ which is strongly correlated with the prefrontal cortex, is a storage bin to hold memories that are needed at a particular moment in order to process information or solve a problem

A

Working memory

88
Q

___ and __ are two subdivisions of Explicit memory

A

Semantic memory and Episodic memory

89
Q

Knowing that the capital of England is London is factual this is an example of ___

A

Semantic memory

90
Q

Remembering the fish I caught on christmas that was 25 lbs is an example of a memory of personal importance, an example of __

A

Episodic memory

91
Q

The ___ is necessary for the encoding of new explicit memories

A

Hippocampus

92
Q

The ___ is involved in learning skills and conditioned associations (implicit memories)

A

Cerebellum

93
Q

The ___ is involved in associating emotion with memories, particularly negative memoires

A

Amygdala

94
Q

___ involves retrieving information when provided with a cue

A

Cued recall

95
Q

__ involves retrieving the item “out of thin air”

A

Free recall

96
Q

__ is a mental blueprint containing common aspects of some part of the world. For example, if asked to describe what your 4th grade classroom looked like, you might “remember” a chalkboard, chalk, desks, posters encouraging reading, and books, based on your schema for such a classroom, even though the room may not have had posters

A

Schema

97
Q

This reflex lasts from birth-6 months and is the response to a loud sound or sudden movement, an infant will startle; throw its head back and extend its arms and legs, then pull arms and legs back in

A

Moro (startle) reflex

98
Q

In response to the sole of the foot being stroked, the babys big toe moves upward or toward the top surface of the foot and the other toes fan out

A

Babinski reflex

99
Q

__ are primitive, involuntary movements that serve to “prime” the neuromuscular system to from the basis for the more sophisticated movement to come. This occurs from age 0-1 years

A

Reflexive movements

100
Q

__ serve as the first voluntary movement performed by a child, from birth to age 2, includes rolling, sitting, crawling, standing, and walking

A

Rudimentary movements

101
Q

__ stage occurs from age 2-7 during this time child is learning to manipulate his or her body through actions such as running, jumping, throwing, catching

A

Fundamental movement

MCAT (45 decks)

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