MCAT Biology Reproductive System Flashcards
What are the three glands in the reproductive system that produce semen?
- Seminal vesicles
- Prostate gland
- Bulbourethral glands
A region at the head of a sperm cell that contains digestive enzymes which, when released during the ___reaction, can facilitate penetration of the corona radiata of the oocyte and fertilization
Acrosome
A sac filled with fluid that surrounds and protects a developing embryo
Amnion
Male sex hormones, testosterone is the primary__
Androgen
A function in the reproductive system, controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system, that includes erection (via dilation of erectile arteries) and lubrication
Arousal
A fluid-filled sphere formed about five days after fertilization of an ovum that is made up of an outer ring of cells and an inner cell mass. This is the structure that implants in the endometrium of the uterus
Blastocyst
Small, paired glands found inferior to the prostate in males and at the posterior end of the penile urethra. They secrete an alkaline mucus on sexual arousal that lubricates the urethra and helps to neutralize any traces of acidic urine in the urethra that might be harmful to sperm
Bulbourethral glands
An increase in the fragility of the membranes of sperm cells when exposed to the female reproductive tract.
Capacitation
__ is required so that the acrosomal enzymes can be released to facilitate fertilization
Capacitation
The opening to the uterus.
Cervix
The __ is typically plugged with a sticky acidic mucus during non-fertile times (to form a barrier against the entry of pathogens), however during ovulation the mucus becomes more watery and alkaline to facilitate sperm entry
Cervix
The portion of the placenta derived from the zygote.
Chorion
The ____ secrete hCG to hlp maintain the endometrium during the first trimester of a pregnancy
Chorion
The rapid mitotic divisions of a zygote that begin within 24-36 hours after fertilization
Cleavage
The layer of granulosa cells that surround an oocyte after it has been ovulated
Corona radiata
“Yellow body”. The remnants of an ovarian follicle after ovulation has occurred. The cells enlarge and begin secreting progesterone, the dominant female hormone during the second half of the menstrual cycle. Some estrogen is also secreted
Corpus luteum
The point during cellular development at which a cell becomes committed to a particular fate.
Determination
A thick, muscular tube that connects the epididymis of the testes to the urethra. Muscular contractions of this during ejaculation help propel the sperm outward. Severing of this results in sterility of a male
Ductus deferens
One of the three primary (embryonic) germ layers formed during gastrulation. This layer ultimately forms external structures such as the skin, hair, nails, and inner linings of the mouth and anus, as well as the entire nervous system
Ectoderm
A subphase of male orgasm, a reflex reaction triggered by the presence of semen in the urethra. __ is a series of rhythmic contractions of muscles near the base of the penis that increase pressure in the urethra, forcing semen out
Ejaculation
The period of human development from implantation through eight weeks of gestation
Embryonic stage
Gastrulation, neurulation, and organogenesis occur during this time period.
Embryonic stage
A subphase of male orgasm. __ is the movement of sperm (via the ductus deferens) and semen into the urethra in preparation for ejaculation
Emission
One of the three primary (embryonic) germ layers formed during gastrulation. This layer ultimately forms internal structures:
- inner lining of the GI tract
- some glandular organs
Endoderm
A long, coiled duct on the outside of the testis in which sperm mature.
Epididymis
Specialized tissue with a lot of space that can fill with blood upon proper stimulation, causing the tissue to become firm. __tissue is found in the penis, clitoris, labia, and nipples
Erectile tissue
__ stimulates the development of female secondary sex characteristics during puberty, maintains those characteristics during adulthood, stimulates the development of a new uterine lining after menstruation, and stimulates mammary gland development during pregnancy
Estrogen
The depolarization of the egg plasma membrane upon fertilization, designed to prevent the entry of more than one sperm into the egg
Fast block to polyspermy
The fusion of a sperm with an ovum during sexual reproduction. In humans__ typically occurs in the uterine tubes and requries capacitation of the sperm and release of the acrosomal enzymes
Fertilization
The period of human development beginning at 8 weeks of gestation and lasting until birth (38-42 weeks of gestation). During this stage organs formed in the embryonic stage grow and mature.
Fetal stage
Fingerlike projections of the uterine (fallopian) tubes that drape over the ovary
Fimbriae
A developing oocyte and all of its surrounding (supporting) cells
Follicle
A tropic hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that targets the gonads. In females this hormone stimulates the ovaries to develop follicles (oogenesis) and secrete estrogen; in males this stimulates spermatogenesis
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
The first phase of the ovarian cycle during which a follicle (an oocyte and its surrounding cells) enlarges and matures. This phase is under control of FSH from the anterior pituitary, and typically lasts from day 1 to day 14 of the menstrual cycle. The follicle secretes estrogen during this time period
Follicular phase
The formation of haploid gametes (sperm or ova) via meiosis
Gametogenesis
The division of the inner cell mass of a blastocyt (developing embryo) into the three primary germ layers. This occurs during weeks 2-4 of gestation
Gastrulation
A hormone released from the hypothalamus that triggers the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
Anterior pituitary tropic hormones FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) that stimulate the gonads (testes and ovaries) to produce gametes and to secret sex steroids
Gonadotropins