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MCAT > MCAT Bio Genetics and Evolution > Flashcards

MCAT Bio Genetics and Evolution Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

The two nonidentical copies of a chromosome are called____

A

homologous chromosomes

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2
Q

Different versions of a gene are called ___

A

alleles

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3
Q

___ in males undergo meiosis

A

Spermatogonia

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4
Q

___ in females undergo meiosis

A

Oogonia

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5
Q

The product of meiosis in males occurs in testes with production of ____

A

haploid spermatozoa

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6
Q

In females meiosis occurs in the ovaries producing ___

A

ova

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7
Q

In meiosis ___ occurs between homologous chromosomes

A

Recombination

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8
Q

During prophase 1 of meiosis ____ pair

A

Homologous chromosomes

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9
Q

The longest phase of meiosis is ___

A

prophase because of the complexity of crossing over

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10
Q

Meiotic recombination occurs between ____

A

homolgous chromosomes, NOT sister chromatids

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11
Q

____ states that two alleles of an individual are separated and passed on to the next generation singly

A

Law of segregation

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12
Q

At what stage during meiosis are different alleles of a gene separated?

A

During meiosis 1 at the time when homologous chromosomes separate

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13
Q

During this stage the replicated homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides of the cell

A

Anaphase 1

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14
Q

During ___ stage, the sister chromatids are finally separated at their centromeres and pulled to opposite sides of the cell

A

Anaphase 2

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15
Q

A situation in which a heterozygote displays the phenotype associated with each of the alleles

A

Codominance

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16
Q

A form of evolution in which different organisms are placed into the same environment and exposed to the same selection pressures. This causes the organisms to evolve along similar lines. As a result, they may share functional, but not structural similarity (because they possess different starting material)

A

Convergent evolution

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17
Q

The exchange of DNA between paired homologous chromosomes (tetrads) during prophase 1 of meiosis

A

Crossing over

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18
Q

A form of evolution in which the same organism is placed into different environments with different selection pressures. This causes the organisms to evolve differently; The resulting (new) species may share structural similarity

A

Divergent evolution

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19
Q

___produces homologous structures

A

Divergent evolution

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20
Q

The frequencies of alleles in a given gene pool do not change over time

A

Hardy-Weinberg Law

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21
Q

What are the five assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg?

A
  • No mutations
  • No natural selection
  • No migration
  • Random Mating between individuals
  • Large population
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22
Q

Experiments with phage and bacteria that definitively determined DNA to be the genetic information of the cell

A

Hershey-Chase experiments

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23
Q

___states that genes found very far apart on the same chromosome sort independently of one another during gamete formation

A

Law of Independent Assortment

24
Q

States that the two alleles of a given gene will be separated from one another during gamete formation (meiosis)

A

Law of segregation

25
Q

The failure of two separate genes to obey the Law of Independent Assortment, as might occur if the genes were found close together on the same chromosome

A

Linkage

26
Q

During ___ the paired homologous chromosomes (tetrads) align at the center of the cell (the metaphase plate)

A

Metaphase 1

27
Q

During __ replicated chromosomes align at the center of the cell (metaphase plate)

A

Metaphase

28
Q

___ is identical to mitotic metaphase except the number of chromosomes was reduced by half during meiosis

A

Metaphase 2

29
Q

The failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell divison. This could occur during anaphase 1 of meiosis (homologous chromosomes),or during anaphase 2 of meiosis or anaphase of mitosis

A

Nondisjunction

30
Q

The percentage of individuals with a particular genotype that actually display the phenotype associated with that genotype

A

Penetrance

31
Q

A subset of a species consisting of members that mate and reproduce with one another

A

Population

32
Q

During __ the replicated chromosomes condense, homologous chromosomes pair up, crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes, the spindle is formed, and the nuclear envelope breaks apart into vesicles.

A

Prophase 1

33
Q

__ is identical to mitotic prophase, except that the number of chromosomes was reduced by half during meiosis 1

A

Prophase 2

34
Q

The RF value is the percentage of recombinant offspring resulting from a given genetic cross.

A

Recombination frequency

35
Q

The ___ is proportion to the physical distance between two genes on the same chromosome

A

Recombination frequency

36
Q

If the recombination frequency is low, the genes under consideration may be __

A

linked

37
Q

Pairing of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell, as occurs during prophase 1 of meiosis

A

Synapsis

38
Q

A structure that forms in early prophase 1 that mediates synapsis (pairing of homologous chromosomes)

A

Synaptonemal complex

39
Q

__ is identical to mitotic telophase, except that the number of chromosomes is now reduced by half. After this phase the cell is considered to be haploid. The chromosomes still replicated, and the sister chromatids must still be separated during meiosis 2

A

Telophase 1

40
Q

Identical to mitotic telophase, but that chromosome number was reduced by half during meiosis 1

A

Telophase 2

41
Q

A genetic cross between an organism displaying a recessive phenotype (homozygous recessive) and an organism displaying a dominant phenotype, done to determine the unknown genotype

A

Testcross

42
Q

A pair of replicated homologous chromosomes. Formed during prophase 1 of meiosis so that homologous chromosomes can exchange DNA in a process known as “crossing over”

A

Tetrads

43
Q

Gene is said to have __ if its expression alters many different, seemingly unrelated aspects of the organism’s total phenotype

A

Pleiotropism

44
Q

A mutation in a gene may cause altered development of heart, bone, AND inner ears, it altered many unrelated aspects of the organism’s total phenotype

A

Pleitropism

45
Q

Expression of alleles for one gene is dependent on a different gene. For example, a gene for curly hair cannot be expressed if a different gene causes baldness

A

Epistasis

46
Q

___ are ligands that bind to receptors and elicit responses

A

Receptor agonist

47
Q

__ are ligands that bind to the receptor but elicit no response, blocking receptor agonists from binding.

A

Receptor antagonist

48
Q

A right shift on the oxyhemoglobin curve indicates ____

A

Decreased hemoglobin-oxygen binding affinity

49
Q

What things will cause a decrease in the hemoglobin-oxygen binding (right shift on ODC)

A
  • Low (acidic) pH of plasma
  • Increased levels of CO2
  • 2,3 bisphosphoglycoric acid (2,3-BPG)
50
Q

With decreasing temperatures, air is able to hold ___

A

less H20

51
Q

During elongation, ribosomes read the mRNA in the ____

A

5’ to 3’ direction

52
Q

During synthesis of proteins, the direction of addition of amino acids is in the ___

A

N terminus to C- terminus direction

53
Q

__ are sugars that differ at only one stereocenter

A

Epimers

54
Q

Arachidonic acids are an important precursor molecule of __,__and __

A

Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes

55
Q

__ are a large family of lipids derived from arachidonic acids, they give rise to prostaglandins

A

Eicosanoids

MCAT (45 decks)

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