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MCAT > Khan Dock P/S 2 > Flashcards

Khan Dock P/S 2 Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Responsible for storage/retrieval of memories, especially ones tied to emotions
- Includes hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus, and hippocampus

A

Limbic system

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2
Q

Bilateral destruction of amygdala, can result in hyperorality (put things in mouth alot), hypersexuality, and disinhibited behavior

A

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

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3
Q

Key role in forming new memories, converts short term to long term memory.
-If destroyed, still have old memories intact, just can’t make new ones

A

Hippocampus

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4
Q

Positive emotions evoke more activity on __ hemisphere

Negative emotions evoke more activity on __ hemisphere

A

Positive emotions evoke more activity on L side of Cerebral hemisphere

Negative emotions evoke more activity on R side of cerebral hemisphere

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5
Q

What is the appraisal theory of stress?

A

Stress arises less from actual events and more from our cognitive interpretation of events.

  • Primary appraisal evaluating for presence of potential threat = irrelevant, benign (positive), stressful (negative)
  • Secondary appraisal assessing capability to cope with threat or deal with stressor (appraisal of harm, threat or challenge)
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6
Q

Death of loved ones, loss of job, having children, leaving home are categorized as this type of stressor

A

Significant life change

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7
Q

An event like hurricane KAtrina that affects a mass amount of people in a significant way

A

Catastrophic event

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8
Q

Long store lines, forgetting car keys, wife cheating on you with the neighbor

A

Daily struggle

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9
Q

Perceivable, but hard to control, noise, crowded areas, this type of stressor can impact us without us being aware of them

A

Ambient stressor

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10
Q

What are the 3 stages of General adaptation syndrom to stress?

A
  1. Alarm phase: Stress kicks in, heart races
  2. Resistance: fleeing, huddling, etc. Bathed in cortisol
  3. Exhaustion: if resistance isnt followed by recovery our tissues become damaged and we become susceptible to illness
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11
Q

How does stress affect our metabolism?

A

During stress, body secretes cortisol and glucagon which converts glycogen to glucose.

-If stress is psychosocial, this extra glucose goes unused and can exacerbate conditions like diabetes

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12
Q

Most common excitatory neurotransmitty

A

Glutamate

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13
Q

Most common inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

GABA and Glycine (spinal cord)

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14
Q

Fully developed trait right away, at first performance, not influenced by experience

A

Consummate trait

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15
Q

A learned tendency to evaluate things in a certain way such as people, events and objects

A

Attitude

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16
Q

ABC model of attitude

A
  • Affective (emotional)
  • Behavioral (how we act or behave towards object/subject)
  • Cognitive component (form thoughts/beliefs, and our knowledge)
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17
Q

What is the theory of planned behavior

A

We consider the implications of our intentions before we behave.
Intentions are based on:
-our attitudes toward the behavior
-subjective norms (what we think others think about our behavior)
-perceived behavior control (how easy/hard we think it is to control our behavior)

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18
Q

What is the attitude to behavior process model?

A

-An event triggers our attitude (Something that influences our perception of an object)
-Then attitude + outside knowledge together determines our behavior
Ex: Tommy has an attitude that junk food is unhealthy, because many of his relatives have diseases, So when he’s at home he doesn’t eat chips/soda

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19
Q

What is prototype willingness model?

A

Behavior is a function of 6 things: Past behavior, attitudes, subjective norms, our intentions, our willingness to engage in a specific type of behavior, prototypes/models

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20
Q

What are the 4 ways to reduce discomfort with cognitive dissonance?

A
  • Modify our cognitions: Ex: Might say i dont smoke too much (ME)
  • Trivialize: make less important
  • Add : adding more cognition ex: I excercise so much smoking doesn’t matter (also me)
  • Deny: Deny the fact (Nah I keep it real)
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21
Q

Says personality is shaped by a person’s unconcious thoughts, feelings, and past memories

A

Psychoanalytic theory of personality

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22
Q

Defense mechanism where someone says or does exact opposite of what they actually want/feel

A

Reaction formation

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23
Q

Defense mechanism where unwanted impulses are transformed into something less harmful

A

Sublimation

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24
Q

Focuses on healthy personality development and humans are inherently good. The most basic motive of all people is the actualizing tendency (self-actualization), innate drive to maintain and enhance oneself

A

Humanistic theory of personality

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25
Q

Suggest important components of personality are inherited or determined in part by our genes

A

Biologic theory of personality

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26
Q

Hans Eysenck proposed ___ is based on difference in reticular formation

A

Extroversion level

-Introverts more easily aroused and therefore require less

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27
Q

Trait that equates to the degree to which a person assumes leadership roles in a situation

A

Social potency trait

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28
Q

Trait for the tendency to follow authority

A

Traditionalism

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29
Q

Innate disposition, our mood/activity level, and is consistent throughout our life

A

Temperament

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30
Q

Says personality is the result of learned behavior patterns based on a person’s environment

  • It’s deterministic, people begin as a blank slate and environment completely determines their behavior/personalities
  • Focused on observable and measurable behavior
A

Behaviorist theory of personality

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31
Q

A personality trait is a stable predisposition towards a certain behavior

A

Trait theory of personality

32
Q

Are evident from a person’s behavior (hes funny)

A

Surface traits

33
Q

Are factors underlying human personality (fewer and more abstract)

A

Source traits

34
Q

Relatively stable characteristics of a person that causes individuals to consistently behave in certain ways

A

Trait

35
Q

Came up with list of 4,500 different descriptive words for traits, from that he came up with 3 basic categories of traits
Cardinal, central, and secondary traits

A

Allport Trait theory

36
Q

Traits that are characteristic, that direct most of person’s activity, the dominant trait.
-These influence all of our behaviors including secondary and central traits

A

Cardinal traits

37
Q

Ex: honesty, sociability, shyness, less dominant than cardinal

A

Central traits

38
Q

Love for modern art, reluctance to beat meat, more preferential traits

A

Secondary traits

39
Q

He proposed we had 16 essential personality traits that represent basic dimension of personality. Turned this into the 16 personality factor questionnaire

A

Raymond Cattell

40
Q

Stated there are 3 major dimensions of personality, which encompass all traits we all possess:

  • Extroversion
  • Neuroticism (emotional stability)
  • Psychoticism (degree to which reality is distorted)
A

Hans Eysenck

Eysenck said NOT ALL necesssarily have psychoticism

41
Q

What are the 5 personality traits of the 5 factor model? (OCEAN)

A

-Openness ( independent vs conformity, imagining vs practical
- Conscientious (careful vs. careless, Disciplined vs impulsive, organized or not)
-Extroversion
-Agreeableness ( kind vs cold, appreciative vs unfriendly)
-Neuroticism
(OCEAN ACRONYM)

42
Q

Theory of behavior change that emphasizes interactions between people and their environment

A

Social cognitive theory

43
Q

“peer pressure” tendency for people to bring behavior in line with group norms

A

Conformity

44
Q

Look to group for guidance when you don’t know what to do, and axe, vat u dew?

A

Informative influence

45
Q

Even if you know what’s right, do what group does to avoid social rejection

A

Normative social influence

46
Q

If we do something to gain respect/support of peers, we’re complying with social norms. Because of this, we might go with group outwardly, but internally believe something differently

A

Normative social influence

47
Q

When we conform because we feel others are more knowledgeable than us, because we think they know something we don’t

A

Informational social influence

48
Q

Mildest type of norm, just common rules/manners we are supposed to follow
Ex: opening the door, helping someone who dropped something etc. No real punishment

A

Folkways

49
Q

Deviance is a learned behavior that results from continuous exposure to others that violate norms and laws - learned from observation of others

A

Theory of differential association

50
Q

No big consequences/ reactions to this deviant behavior, its very mild, Individuals behave same way and don’t worry about deviance

A

Primary deviance

51
Q

More serious consequences, this form of deviance is characterized by severe negative reaction that results in stigmatizing behavior

A

Secondary deviance

52
Q

If person is blocked from attaining a culturally accepted goal, may turn to deviance. Pushed to attain certain goals, but may not have legitimate ways to achieve success

A

Strain theory

53
Q

When an organism is repeatedly exposed to one type of stimulus ex: habituation and sensitization

A

Nonassociative learning

54
Q

Views behaviors as being influenced by people’s actions/cognitions and their social context

Cognition -> Environment -> Behavior

Ex: Meg is interested in soccer (cognition) joins soccer team (environment), and spends time with other soccer players (behavior)

A

Social Cognitive Theory

55
Q

Idea that self control is a limited resouce. IF you use a lot of it, it can get used up and less to use in future tasks

A

Ego- depletion

56
Q

How someone perceives/evaluates themselves, aka self awareness

A

Self-concept

57
Q

Most basic part of self concept, the sense of being separate and distinct from others. Awareness that the self is constant throughout life

A

Existential self

58
Q

Becoming aware that even though we’re separate, we also exist in the world with others
Ex: age and gender are first thing babies learn, then skills and size then compare themselves by traits, careers etc

A

Categorical self

59
Q

Believed self-concept had 3 components

  • Self image: what we believe we are
  • Self-esteem: how much value we place on ourselves
  • Ideal self: what we aspire to be
A

Humanistic theory of self identity

60
Q

Believed early childhood was the most important age/period in development. Plays large role in personality development
-5 stages, if completed succesfully, resulted in a healthy personality. If not resolved, fixation occured

A

Freud’s Psychosexual theory of development

61
Q

Proposed personality/identity development occurs through one’s entire lifespan

  • Each stage depends on overcoming a conflict, and success/failures at each stage affects overall functioning of theory (8 stages)
  • Theory based on culture and society
A

Erickson Psychosocial development theory

62
Q
  • Believed children learned actively through hands-on processes, and suggests parents/ cultural beliefs/ language/ attitudes are all responsible for higher function of learning
  • Child internalizes interactions with others
A

Vygotsky - Sociocultural development theory

63
Q

The mind and self emerge through the process of communicating with others (beginning of symbolic interactionism)

A

Social behaviorism

64
Q

What are the 3 stages of George Herbert Meads Theory of identity?

A
  1. Preparatory stage 2. Play stage 3. Game stage
65
Q

Individual can internalize all the negative stereotypes, prejudices, and discriminatory experiences they’ve had. They can end up feeling rejected by society

A

Self-stigma

66
Q

Most powerful predictor of friendships and relationships

A

Geographical proximity

67
Q

PEople act more altruistically to close kin than distant/non kin

A

Kin selection

68
Q

People are also more cooperative if they will interact with that person again in the future

A

Reciprocal altruism

69
Q

Signals to others that person who’s giving resources. People with increased trust in those they know have helped others in the past

A

Cost-signaling

70
Q

Even most democratic of organizations becomes more bureaucratic over time until they’re governed by select few

A

Iron rule of oligarchy

71
Q

What are the 5 main characteristics of an ideal bureaucracy?

A
  • Division of labor : people trained to do specific tasks
  • Hierarchy of organziation: each position is under supervision of higher authority
  • Written rules and regulations
  • Impersonality: how individuals and officials conduct activities in unbiased manner
  • Employment based on technical qualifications: hiring in bureaucracy is based on qualifications one person has and not favoritism
72
Q

Refers to the accuracy of a study or measure

A

Validity

73
Q

Refers to the extent to which an experiment or measure can consistently produce similar results every time

A

Reliability

74
Q

Attributing human characteristics to non-human animals, ex: pet sleeping with you at night

A

Anthropomorphism

75
Q

Comes from macrosciology. Looks at society as a whole and how institutions that make up the society adapt to keep society stabl and functioning

A

Functionalism

76
Q

Macroperspective: idea that society ism ade of institutions that benefit powerful and create inequalities. Large groups are at odds until conflict is resolved

A

Conflict theory

MCAT (45 decks)

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