Khan Dock P/S 2 Flashcards
Responsible for storage/retrieval of memories, especially ones tied to emotions
- Includes hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus, and hippocampus
Limbic system
Bilateral destruction of amygdala, can result in hyperorality (put things in mouth alot), hypersexuality, and disinhibited behavior
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
Key role in forming new memories, converts short term to long term memory.
-If destroyed, still have old memories intact, just can’t make new ones
Hippocampus
Positive emotions evoke more activity on __ hemisphere
Negative emotions evoke more activity on __ hemisphere
Positive emotions evoke more activity on L side of Cerebral hemisphere
Negative emotions evoke more activity on R side of cerebral hemisphere
What is the appraisal theory of stress?
Stress arises less from actual events and more from our cognitive interpretation of events.
- Primary appraisal evaluating for presence of potential threat = irrelevant, benign (positive), stressful (negative)
- Secondary appraisal assessing capability to cope with threat or deal with stressor (appraisal of harm, threat or challenge)
Death of loved ones, loss of job, having children, leaving home are categorized as this type of stressor
Significant life change
An event like hurricane KAtrina that affects a mass amount of people in a significant way
Catastrophic event
Long store lines, forgetting car keys, wife cheating on you with the neighbor
Daily struggle
Perceivable, but hard to control, noise, crowded areas, this type of stressor can impact us without us being aware of them
Ambient stressor
What are the 3 stages of General adaptation syndrom to stress?
- Alarm phase: Stress kicks in, heart races
- Resistance: fleeing, huddling, etc. Bathed in cortisol
- Exhaustion: if resistance isnt followed by recovery our tissues become damaged and we become susceptible to illness
How does stress affect our metabolism?
During stress, body secretes cortisol and glucagon which converts glycogen to glucose.
-If stress is psychosocial, this extra glucose goes unused and can exacerbate conditions like diabetes
Most common excitatory neurotransmitty
Glutamate
Most common inhibitory neurotransmitters
GABA and Glycine (spinal cord)
Fully developed trait right away, at first performance, not influenced by experience
Consummate trait
A learned tendency to evaluate things in a certain way such as people, events and objects
Attitude
ABC model of attitude
- Affective (emotional)
- Behavioral (how we act or behave towards object/subject)
- Cognitive component (form thoughts/beliefs, and our knowledge)
What is the theory of planned behavior
We consider the implications of our intentions before we behave.
Intentions are based on:
-our attitudes toward the behavior
-subjective norms (what we think others think about our behavior)
-perceived behavior control (how easy/hard we think it is to control our behavior)
What is the attitude to behavior process model?
-An event triggers our attitude (Something that influences our perception of an object)
-Then attitude + outside knowledge together determines our behavior
Ex: Tommy has an attitude that junk food is unhealthy, because many of his relatives have diseases, So when he’s at home he doesn’t eat chips/soda
What is prototype willingness model?
Behavior is a function of 6 things: Past behavior, attitudes, subjective norms, our intentions, our willingness to engage in a specific type of behavior, prototypes/models
What are the 4 ways to reduce discomfort with cognitive dissonance?
- Modify our cognitions: Ex: Might say i dont smoke too much (ME)
- Trivialize: make less important
- Add : adding more cognition ex: I excercise so much smoking doesn’t matter (also me)
- Deny: Deny the fact (Nah I keep it real)
Says personality is shaped by a person’s unconcious thoughts, feelings, and past memories
Psychoanalytic theory of personality
Defense mechanism where someone says or does exact opposite of what they actually want/feel
Reaction formation
Defense mechanism where unwanted impulses are transformed into something less harmful
Sublimation
Focuses on healthy personality development and humans are inherently good. The most basic motive of all people is the actualizing tendency (self-actualization), innate drive to maintain and enhance oneself
Humanistic theory of personality
Suggest important components of personality are inherited or determined in part by our genes
Biologic theory of personality
Hans Eysenck proposed ___ is based on difference in reticular formation
Extroversion level
-Introverts more easily aroused and therefore require less
Trait that equates to the degree to which a person assumes leadership roles in a situation
Social potency trait
Trait for the tendency to follow authority
Traditionalism
Innate disposition, our mood/activity level, and is consistent throughout our life
Temperament
Says personality is the result of learned behavior patterns based on a person’s environment
- It’s deterministic, people begin as a blank slate and environment completely determines their behavior/personalities
- Focused on observable and measurable behavior
Behaviorist theory of personality
A personality trait is a stable predisposition towards a certain behavior
Trait theory of personality
Are evident from a person’s behavior (hes funny)
Surface traits
Are factors underlying human personality (fewer and more abstract)
Source traits
Relatively stable characteristics of a person that causes individuals to consistently behave in certain ways
Trait
Came up with list of 4,500 different descriptive words for traits, from that he came up with 3 basic categories of traits
Cardinal, central, and secondary traits
Allport Trait theory
Traits that are characteristic, that direct most of person’s activity, the dominant trait.
-These influence all of our behaviors including secondary and central traits
Cardinal traits
Ex: honesty, sociability, shyness, less dominant than cardinal
Central traits
Love for modern art, reluctance to beat meat, more preferential traits
Secondary traits
He proposed we had 16 essential personality traits that represent basic dimension of personality. Turned this into the 16 personality factor questionnaire
Raymond Cattell
Stated there are 3 major dimensions of personality, which encompass all traits we all possess:
- Extroversion
- Neuroticism (emotional stability)
- Psychoticism (degree to which reality is distorted)
Hans Eysenck
Eysenck said NOT ALL necesssarily have psychoticism
What are the 5 personality traits of the 5 factor model? (OCEAN)
-Openness ( independent vs conformity, imagining vs practical
- Conscientious (careful vs. careless, Disciplined vs impulsive, organized or not)
-Extroversion
-Agreeableness ( kind vs cold, appreciative vs unfriendly)
-Neuroticism
(OCEAN ACRONYM)
Theory of behavior change that emphasizes interactions between people and their environment
Social cognitive theory
“peer pressure” tendency for people to bring behavior in line with group norms
Conformity
Look to group for guidance when you don’t know what to do, and axe, vat u dew?
Informative influence
Even if you know what’s right, do what group does to avoid social rejection
Normative social influence
If we do something to gain respect/support of peers, we’re complying with social norms. Because of this, we might go with group outwardly, but internally believe something differently
Normative social influence
When we conform because we feel others are more knowledgeable than us, because we think they know something we don’t
Informational social influence
Mildest type of norm, just common rules/manners we are supposed to follow
Ex: opening the door, helping someone who dropped something etc. No real punishment
Folkways
Deviance is a learned behavior that results from continuous exposure to others that violate norms and laws - learned from observation of others
Theory of differential association
No big consequences/ reactions to this deviant behavior, its very mild, Individuals behave same way and don’t worry about deviance
Primary deviance
More serious consequences, this form of deviance is characterized by severe negative reaction that results in stigmatizing behavior
Secondary deviance
If person is blocked from attaining a culturally accepted goal, may turn to deviance. Pushed to attain certain goals, but may not have legitimate ways to achieve success
Strain theory
When an organism is repeatedly exposed to one type of stimulus ex: habituation and sensitization
Nonassociative learning
Views behaviors as being influenced by people’s actions/cognitions and their social context
Cognition -> Environment -> Behavior
Ex: Meg is interested in soccer (cognition) joins soccer team (environment), and spends time with other soccer players (behavior)
Social Cognitive Theory
Idea that self control is a limited resouce. IF you use a lot of it, it can get used up and less to use in future tasks
Ego- depletion
How someone perceives/evaluates themselves, aka self awareness
Self-concept
Most basic part of self concept, the sense of being separate and distinct from others. Awareness that the self is constant throughout life
Existential self
Becoming aware that even though we’re separate, we also exist in the world with others
Ex: age and gender are first thing babies learn, then skills and size then compare themselves by traits, careers etc
Categorical self
Believed self-concept had 3 components
- Self image: what we believe we are
- Self-esteem: how much value we place on ourselves
- Ideal self: what we aspire to be
Humanistic theory of self identity
Believed early childhood was the most important age/period in development. Plays large role in personality development
-5 stages, if completed succesfully, resulted in a healthy personality. If not resolved, fixation occured
Freud’s Psychosexual theory of development
Proposed personality/identity development occurs through one’s entire lifespan
- Each stage depends on overcoming a conflict, and success/failures at each stage affects overall functioning of theory (8 stages)
- Theory based on culture and society
Erickson Psychosocial development theory
- Believed children learned actively through hands-on processes, and suggests parents/ cultural beliefs/ language/ attitudes are all responsible for higher function of learning
- Child internalizes interactions with others
Vygotsky - Sociocultural development theory
The mind and self emerge through the process of communicating with others (beginning of symbolic interactionism)
Social behaviorism
What are the 3 stages of George Herbert Meads Theory of identity?
- Preparatory stage 2. Play stage 3. Game stage
Individual can internalize all the negative stereotypes, prejudices, and discriminatory experiences they’ve had. They can end up feeling rejected by society
Self-stigma
Most powerful predictor of friendships and relationships
Geographical proximity
PEople act more altruistically to close kin than distant/non kin
Kin selection
People are also more cooperative if they will interact with that person again in the future
Reciprocal altruism
Signals to others that person who’s giving resources. People with increased trust in those they know have helped others in the past
Cost-signaling
Even most democratic of organizations becomes more bureaucratic over time until they’re governed by select few
Iron rule of oligarchy
What are the 5 main characteristics of an ideal bureaucracy?
- Division of labor : people trained to do specific tasks
- Hierarchy of organziation: each position is under supervision of higher authority
- Written rules and regulations
- Impersonality: how individuals and officials conduct activities in unbiased manner
- Employment based on technical qualifications: hiring in bureaucracy is based on qualifications one person has and not favoritism
Refers to the accuracy of a study or measure
Validity
Refers to the extent to which an experiment or measure can consistently produce similar results every time
Reliability
Attributing human characteristics to non-human animals, ex: pet sleeping with you at night
Anthropomorphism
Comes from macrosciology. Looks at society as a whole and how institutions that make up the society adapt to keep society stabl and functioning
Functionalism
Macroperspective: idea that society ism ade of institutions that benefit powerful and create inequalities. Large groups are at odds until conflict is resolved
Conflict theory
