Khan Doc P/S Flashcards
Gestalt Law of Similarity
items similar to one another grouped together
Gestalt Law of Pragnanz
Reality is often organized reduced to its simplest form possible
Gestalt Law of proximity
Objects that are close are grouped together
Gestalt Law of Continuity
Lines are seen as following the smoothest path
Gestalt Law of Closure
Objects grouped together seen as a whole
___ is the first layer light hits in the eye
Conjuctiva
___ is a transparent thick sheet of tissue, anterior 1/6th of eye
Cornea
___is the space filled with aqueous humor which provides pressure to maintain the shape of the eye ball
Anterior chamber
___ is the hole made by the iris which determines eye color
Pupil
___attach to a ciliary muscle. These two things together form the ciliary body which secretes the aqueous humour
Suspensory ligaments
___area behind the ciliary muscle filled with aquoeus humor
Posterior chamber
___filled with vitreous humor, jelly-like substance to provide pressure to eye ball
Vitreous chamber
__special area of retina that is rich in cones
Macula
__special area of retina that is completely covered in cones no rods
Fovea
Explain what happens when light hits
When light hits, goes through pupil and hits rod. Normally rods are turned on but when light hits, turns off. The turning off of rod turns ON bipolar cells which turns on a retinal ganglion cell, which goes into the optic nerve and enters the brain
Inside rod are a lot of discs, one is __
rhodopsin, multimeric protein with 7 discs, which contains a small molecule called retinal (Cis-retinal). When light hits the retinal it causes a conformational change from cis-retinal to trans-retinal
Rods contain __ and cones contain__
Rods contain rhodopsin
Cones contain photopsin
___have a slower recovery time, cones have a fast recovery time
Rods
The three parts of feature detection theory include:
Color
(cones, trichromatic theory of color vision),
Form
(parvocellular pathway)good at spatial resolution, but
poor temporal)
Motion
(magnocellular pathway, has high temporal resolution and poor spatial resolution, no color
How is parallel processing related to feature detection theory when viewing an object?
Feature detection theory states importance of an objects color, motion, and form are all processed at the same time (parallel processing)
Based on Trichromatic theory of vision, how many of each type of color cones are therE?
60% = Red 30% = Green 10% = Blue
__is change over time of receptor to a constant stimulus analogous to term down regulation
Adaptation
__is talking about movement of the body it is more behavioral and DOES NOT include sense of balance
Kinaesthesia
___is cognitive awareness of body in space and includes sense of balance
Proprioception
To sense temperature we rely on ___ this receptor is also sensitive to pain
TrypV1 receptor
Separating olfactory epithelium from brain is the __
cribiform plate
__is the term for awareness of our self and environment
Consciousness
___waves (13-30 Hz) are associated with awake/concentration. Increased stress, anxiety, restlessness. Constant alertness
Beta Waves
___waves (8-13 Hz) are found during states of realxation not focused, found during daydreaming
Alpha waves
__waves (7 Hz) found during drowsiness, right after you fall asleep
Theta waves
___waves found during deep sleep or coma
Delta Waves
Describe sleep stages and time of sleep
Stages include:
N1 -> N2 -> N3 -> N2 -> REM occur in 90 minute cycles
___stage of sleep is dominated by Theta waves.
N1 Stage
-Strange sensations
hypnagogic hallucinations, hearing or seeing things that aren’t there.
Tetris effect - if you play tetris before bed you might see blocks in your sleep
___stage of sleep is deeper sleep, we see more THETA waves, Sleep spindles, and K- complexes
N2 stage
During stage 2 of sleep __help inhibit certain perception, so we maintain a tranquil state during sleep
Sleep spindle
___found during N2 stage of sleep surpress cortical arousal and keep you asleep. Help sleep-based memory consolidation
K complex
___stage of sleep is characterized by Delta waves. where walking/talking in sleep happens.
This is also the stage with REM sleep and muscle paralysis. REM is most important for memory consolidation
N3 stage
Activation in the __ during REM sleep is decreased, this is the part responsible for logic, explains why things in our dreams that defy logic don’t seem weird
Prefrontal cortex
What was Freud’s theory on dreams?
Dreams are our unconcious thoughts and desires that need to be interpreted
- Manifest content (ex: Monster chasing you)
- Latent content: (ex: Job pushing you out)
What is the activation synthesis hypothesis/Theory on dreams?
-Brain gets a lot of neural impulses in brainstem which is sometimes interpreted by the frontal cortex
Brainstem = activation Cortex = synthesis
Brain is simply trying to find meaning from random brain activity, might not have meaning
What are the two theories of hypnotism and how it works?
- Dissociation theory: Hypnotism is an extreme form of divided consciousness
- Social Influence Theory: People do and report what’s expected of them, like actors caught up in their roles
What are barbituates and how do they work?
- Barbituates are used to induce sleep or reduce anxiety (Depress CNS)
- Side effects are reduced memory, judgement, and concentration
- with alcohol which can lead to death
What are Benzodiazepines and what are they used for?
- Most commonly prescribed supressant. Sleep aids or anxiety
- Benzodiazepines enhance your brains response to GABA, they open up GABA-activated chloride channels in your neurons and make neurons more negatively charged
What are opiates and what are they used to treat?
- Opiates used to treat pain and anxiety (ex: heroine and morphine)
- treat pain by acting at body’s receptor site for ENDORPHINS
What is cocaine and how does it work?
Cocaine is a strong stimulant, releases so much dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine that it depletes your brain’s supply
What is ectasy and how does it work?
Synthetic drug both a stimulant and hallucinogen
-Increases dopamine and serotonin and euphoria. Stimulates the boy. Can damage neuron that produce serotonin
What is LSD?
Causes interference with serotonin, which causes people to experience hallucinations
When you first experience pleasure, brain releases ___ produced in the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) in the midbrain
Dopamine
VTA sends dopamine to the :
- amygdala
- Nucleus accumbens (controls motor functions)
- Prefrontal cortex (focus attention & planning)
- Hippocampus (memory Formation)
Nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampus are part of the ___
mesolimbic pathway
What is the cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and how does it help with addiction?
Addresses both the cognitive andb ehavioral components of addiction
- Recognize problematic situations & develop more positive thought patterns and coping strategies, and monitors cravings.
- LONG LASTING
___ doing two things at once, you end up switching between tasks rather than doing them simultaneously
Divided attention
What are the two types of cues that can direct our attention?
Exogenous: Don’t have to tell ourselves to look for them (ex: bright colors, loud noises)
Endogenous: require internal knowledge to understand the cue and the intention to follow it
___we aren’t aware of things not in our visua field when our attention is directed elsewhere in that field
Inattentional blindness
What is the information processing model of memory?
- Proposes our brains are similar to computers. We get input from environment, process it, & output decisions
- First stage is getting the input, occurs in sensory memory (sensory register). Temporary register for all sensory taken in
What is the Dual coding hypothesis?
Says it is easier to remember words associated with images than either alone
___is memory for facts/events you can clearly describe
Explicit/Declarative memory
Anytime you take vocabulary tests or state capitals, your using ____
Semantic memory (has to do with words) Remembering simple facts
We group info we’re getting into meaningful categories already known
Chunking
New learning impairs old information
Retroactive interference
Something you learned in the past impairs learning in the future
Proactive interference
With aging, what forms of memory remain stable?
Implicit memory (ex: riding a bike), and recognition
With aging, what forms of memory improve
Semantic memories improve around age 60, older adults have better verbal skills (also crystallized IQ, ability to use knowledge and experience) also emotional reasoning
With aging, what forms of memory decline?
-Recall, episodic memories (forming new memories is difficult, old memories stable), processing speed, divided attention, also prospective memory (remembering to do things in the future, is decreased)
___is caused by lack of Vitamin B1 or thiamine caused by malnutrition, eating disorders, and especially alcoholism
Korsakoff’s syndrome
Precursor to Korsakoff’s syndrome,__, damage to certain areas cause poor balance, abnormal eye movements, confusion, and memory loss
Wernicke’s encepalopathy
____stage of Piagets stages of cognitive development (0-2 years)
-smell,hearing, touch etc. Actively learning through sensory system
Big takeaway from this stage is that people develop:
OBJECT PERMANENCE, don’t realize object still exists if they can’t see it. Can use accomodation to acquire knowledge about novel experiences
Sensorimotor stage
Piagets stage of cognitive development ___ (2-7 yrs)
- When children are going to develop/engage in pretend play
- very egocentric
- no empathy
Preoperational stage (2-7)
Piagets stage of cognitive development (7-11)
- learn idea of conservation
- begin to learn empathy
Concrete operational stage (7-11)
Piagets stage of development (12+)
-Reason abstract consequences, and reason consequences where sophisticated moral reasoning begins to take place
Formal operational stage
Logical procedure of trying solutions till you hit the right one
Algorithm
We analyze main problem and break it down into smaller problems, and reduce differences between problem and goal
Means-end analysis
False positive
Type 1 error
False negative
Type 2 error
Representative heuristics can lead to ___ which means co-occurrence of two instances is more likely than a single one.
Ex: Feminist bank teller vs bank teller, more likely she’s just a bank teller but people tend to think the probability of 2 events occurring together is higher than probability of one alone
Conjunction fallacy
Is a bias about how you present decisions.
This disease kills 90% of the people in the trial (26 deaths) or this disease has only caused 26 deaths since time of its finding
Framing effect bias
Concepts are organized in mind in terms of connected ideas. Parallel to how info might be stored in a computer. Links can be shorter for closely related ideas or longer for less related ideas
Semantic networks
IS a concept about how when you activate one concept you are pulling related concepts with it
Spreading activation theory
What are the three intelligence’s theorizesd?
- Analytic intelligence (academic)
- Creative intelligence (generate novel ideas and adapt)
- Practical intelligence (solve ill-defined problems)
IQ scores only measure ___ intelligence
Analytical (academic) intelligence
IS the ability to reason quickly and abstractly.
Tends to decrease as we get older
Fluid intelligence
Refers to accumulated knowledge and verbal skills.
-Usually increases or stays the same in adulthood
Crystallized intelligence
Mindset that intelligence is changeable if you learn more. People with this tend to accomplish more
Growth mindset (intelligence)
Intelligence is biologically set and unchanging
Fixed mindset (intelligence)
Single g factor (general intelligence) is responsible for intelligence that underlies performance on all cognitive tasks
Spearmen’s idea of general intelligence
Differentiates intelligence into different modalities, 8 different forms of intelligence
Gardner’s idea of 8 intelligences
Theory of intelligence that states human ability is hereditary
Galton’s idea of hereditary genius
How a child at a specific age performs intellectually compared to average intellectual performance for that physical age in years
Binet’s idea of mental age
What is the behaviorist theory of language and cognition?
Empiricist, believe language is just CONDITIONED BEHAVIOR
What is the nativist theory of language and cognition?
Rationalist, believe language must be innate
What is materialist theory of language and cognition?
Looks at what happens in the brain when people think/speak/write
What is interactionist theory of language and cognition?
Emphasizes interplay between environment cues and innate biology
What is universalism theory of language?
Thoughts determine language completely
He believed that once children were able to think a certain way and then developed language to describe those thoughts
Piaget
Language and thought are both independent, but converge through development. Eventually we are able to use them at the same time
Vygotsky
What is the WEAK linguistic determinism/relativity hypothesis?
Language influences thought
Ex: reading Right to left versus reading left to right influences what direction you might imagine character pushing girl in story
Idea that speakers of different language utilize different cognitive processes that influence how they think; people understand their world through language and language in turn shapes how we experience the world
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Ex: Tribe called Hopi, without grammatical sense, they couldn’t think about time the same way
Language is a form of behavior and is learned through operant conditioning.
-Children aren’t born with anything, only acquire language through reinforcement
-Children learn to say “mama” because everytime they say that, mom reinforces their child.
Doesn’t explain how children can produce words they’ve never heard before
Learning theory of language
Believe biological and social factors have to interact in order for children to learn language. Children desire to communicate with adults, makes them learn language.
-Social role that language plays and human brain develops to be receptive to new language, children are motivated to practice and expand their vocabulary
Interactionist Theory (Vygotsky)
Asserts that cognition and perception are determined by language one speaks
Linguistic relativity hypothesis (skinner)
