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1
Q

Gestalt Law of Similarity

A

items similar to one another grouped together

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2
Q

Gestalt Law of Pragnanz

A

Reality is often organized reduced to its simplest form possible

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3
Q

Gestalt Law of proximity

A

Objects that are close are grouped together

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4
Q

Gestalt Law of Continuity

A

Lines are seen as following the smoothest path

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5
Q

Gestalt Law of Closure

A

Objects grouped together seen as a whole

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6
Q

___ is the first layer light hits in the eye

A

Conjuctiva

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7
Q

___ is a transparent thick sheet of tissue, anterior 1/6th of eye

A

Cornea

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8
Q

___is the space filled with aqueous humor which provides pressure to maintain the shape of the eye ball

A

Anterior chamber

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9
Q

___ is the hole made by the iris which determines eye color

A

Pupil

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10
Q

___attach to a ciliary muscle. These two things together form the ciliary body which secretes the aqueous humour

A

Suspensory ligaments

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11
Q

___area behind the ciliary muscle filled with aquoeus humor

A

Posterior chamber

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12
Q

___filled with vitreous humor, jelly-like substance to provide pressure to eye ball

A

Vitreous chamber

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13
Q

__special area of retina that is rich in cones

A

Macula

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14
Q

__special area of retina that is completely covered in cones no rods

A

Fovea

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15
Q

Explain what happens when light hits

A

When light hits, goes through pupil and hits rod. Normally rods are turned on but when light hits, turns off. The turning off of rod turns ON bipolar cells which turns on a retinal ganglion cell, which goes into the optic nerve and enters the brain

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16
Q

Inside rod are a lot of discs, one is __

A

rhodopsin, multimeric protein with 7 discs, which contains a small molecule called retinal (Cis-retinal). When light hits the retinal it causes a conformational change from cis-retinal to trans-retinal

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17
Q

Rods contain __ and cones contain__

A

Rods contain rhodopsin

Cones contain photopsin

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18
Q

___have a slower recovery time, cones have a fast recovery time

A

Rods

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19
Q

The three parts of feature detection theory include:

A

Color
(cones, trichromatic theory of color vision),

Form
(parvocellular pathway)good at spatial resolution, but
poor temporal)

Motion
(magnocellular pathway, has high temporal resolution and poor spatial resolution, no color

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20
Q

How is parallel processing related to feature detection theory when viewing an object?

A

Feature detection theory states importance of an objects color, motion, and form are all processed at the same time (parallel processing)

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21
Q

Based on Trichromatic theory of vision, how many of each type of color cones are therE?

A 
60% = Red 
30% = Green
10% = Blue
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22
Q

__is change over time of receptor to a constant stimulus analogous to term down regulation

A

Adaptation

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23
Q

__is talking about movement of the body it is more behavioral and DOES NOT include sense of balance

A

Kinaesthesia

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24
Q

___is cognitive awareness of body in space and includes sense of balance

A

Proprioception

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25
Q

To sense temperature we rely on ___ this receptor is also sensitive to pain

A

TrypV1 receptor

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26
Q

Separating olfactory epithelium from brain is the __

A

cribiform plate

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27
Q

__is the term for awareness of our self and environment

A

Consciousness

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28
Q

___waves (13-30 Hz) are associated with awake/concentration. Increased stress, anxiety, restlessness. Constant alertness

A

Beta Waves

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29
Q

___waves (8-13 Hz) are found during states of realxation not focused, found during daydreaming

A

Alpha waves

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30
Q

__waves (7 Hz) found during drowsiness, right after you fall asleep

A

Theta waves

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31
Q

___waves found during deep sleep or coma

A

Delta Waves

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32
Q

Describe sleep stages and time of sleep

A

Stages include:

N1 -> N2 -> N3 -> N2 -> REM occur in 90 minute cycles

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33
Q

___stage of sleep is dominated by Theta waves.

A

N1 Stage

-Strange sensations
hypnagogic hallucinations, hearing or seeing things that aren’t there.
Tetris effect - if you play tetris before bed you might see blocks in your sleep

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34
Q

___stage of sleep is deeper sleep, we see more THETA waves, Sleep spindles, and K- complexes

A

N2 stage

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35
Q

During stage 2 of sleep __help inhibit certain perception, so we maintain a tranquil state during sleep

A

Sleep spindle

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36
Q

___found during N2 stage of sleep surpress cortical arousal and keep you asleep. Help sleep-based memory consolidation

A

K complex

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37
Q

___stage of sleep is characterized by Delta waves. where walking/talking in sleep happens.
This is also the stage with REM sleep and muscle paralysis. REM is most important for memory consolidation

A

N3 stage

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38
Q

Activation in the __ during REM sleep is decreased, this is the part responsible for logic, explains why things in our dreams that defy logic don’t seem weird

A

Prefrontal cortex

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39
Q

What was Freud’s theory on dreams?

A

Dreams are our unconcious thoughts and desires that need to be interpreted

  1. Manifest content (ex: Monster chasing you)
  2. Latent content: (ex: Job pushing you out)
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40
Q

What is the activation synthesis hypothesis/Theory on dreams?

A

-Brain gets a lot of neural impulses in brainstem which is sometimes interpreted by the frontal cortex
Brainstem = activation Cortex = synthesis
Brain is simply trying to find meaning from random brain activity, might not have meaning

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41
Q

What are the two theories of hypnotism and how it works?

A
  • Dissociation theory: Hypnotism is an extreme form of divided consciousness
  • Social Influence Theory: People do and report what’s expected of them, like actors caught up in their roles
42
Q

What are barbituates and how do they work?

A
  • Barbituates are used to induce sleep or reduce anxiety (Depress CNS)
  • Side effects are reduced memory, judgement, and concentration
  • with alcohol which can lead to death
43
Q

What are Benzodiazepines and what are they used for?

A
  • Most commonly prescribed supressant. Sleep aids or anxiety
  • Benzodiazepines enhance your brains response to GABA, they open up GABA-activated chloride channels in your neurons and make neurons more negatively charged
44
Q

What are opiates and what are they used to treat?

A
  • Opiates used to treat pain and anxiety (ex: heroine and morphine)
  • treat pain by acting at body’s receptor site for ENDORPHINS
45
Q

What is cocaine and how does it work?

A

Cocaine is a strong stimulant, releases so much dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine that it depletes your brain’s supply

46
Q

What is ectasy and how does it work?

A

Synthetic drug both a stimulant and hallucinogen

-Increases dopamine and serotonin and euphoria. Stimulates the boy. Can damage neuron that produce serotonin

47
Q

What is LSD?

A

Causes interference with serotonin, which causes people to experience hallucinations

48
Q

When you first experience pleasure, brain releases ___ produced in the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) in the midbrain

A

Dopamine

49
Q

VTA sends dopamine to the :

A
  • amygdala
  • Nucleus accumbens (controls motor functions)
  • Prefrontal cortex (focus attention & planning)
  • Hippocampus (memory Formation)
50
Q

Nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampus are part of the ___

A

mesolimbic pathway

51
Q

What is the cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and how does it help with addiction?

A

Addresses both the cognitive andb ehavioral components of addiction

  • Recognize problematic situations & develop more positive thought patterns and coping strategies, and monitors cravings.
  • LONG LASTING
52
Q

___ doing two things at once, you end up switching between tasks rather than doing them simultaneously

A

Divided attention

53
Q

What are the two types of cues that can direct our attention?

A

Exogenous: Don’t have to tell ourselves to look for them (ex: bright colors, loud noises)
Endogenous: require internal knowledge to understand the cue and the intention to follow it

54
Q

___we aren’t aware of things not in our visua field when our attention is directed elsewhere in that field

A

Inattentional blindness

55
Q

What is the information processing model of memory?

A
  • Proposes our brains are similar to computers. We get input from environment, process it, & output decisions
  • First stage is getting the input, occurs in sensory memory (sensory register). Temporary register for all sensory taken in
56
Q

What is the Dual coding hypothesis?

A

Says it is easier to remember words associated with images than either alone

57
Q

___is memory for facts/events you can clearly describe

A

Explicit/Declarative memory

58
Q

Anytime you take vocabulary tests or state capitals, your using ____

A

Semantic memory (has to do with words) Remembering simple facts

59
Q

We group info we’re getting into meaningful categories already known

A

Chunking

60
Q

New learning impairs old information

A

Retroactive interference

61
Q

Something you learned in the past impairs learning in the future

A

Proactive interference

62
Q

With aging, what forms of memory remain stable?

A

Implicit memory (ex: riding a bike), and recognition

63
Q

With aging, what forms of memory improve

A

Semantic memories improve around age 60, older adults have better verbal skills (also crystallized IQ, ability to use knowledge and experience) also emotional reasoning

64
Q

With aging, what forms of memory decline?

A

-Recall, episodic memories (forming new memories is difficult, old memories stable), processing speed, divided attention, also prospective memory (remembering to do things in the future, is decreased)

65
Q

___is caused by lack of Vitamin B1 or thiamine caused by malnutrition, eating disorders, and especially alcoholism

A

Korsakoff’s syndrome

66
Q

Precursor to Korsakoff’s syndrome,__, damage to certain areas cause poor balance, abnormal eye movements, confusion, and memory loss

A

Wernicke’s encepalopathy

67
Q

____stage of Piagets stages of cognitive development (0-2 years)
-smell,hearing, touch etc. Actively learning through sensory system
Big takeaway from this stage is that people develop:
OBJECT PERMANENCE, don’t realize object still exists if they can’t see it. Can use accomodation to acquire knowledge about novel experiences

A

Sensorimotor stage

68
Q

Piagets stage of cognitive development ___ (2-7 yrs)

  • When children are going to develop/engage in pretend play
  • very egocentric
  • no empathy
A

Preoperational stage (2-7)

69
Q

Piagets stage of cognitive development (7-11)

  • learn idea of conservation
  • begin to learn empathy
A

Concrete operational stage (7-11)

70
Q

Piagets stage of development (12+)

-Reason abstract consequences, and reason consequences where sophisticated moral reasoning begins to take place

A

Formal operational stage

71
Q

Logical procedure of trying solutions till you hit the right one

A

Algorithm

72
Q

We analyze main problem and break it down into smaller problems, and reduce differences between problem and goal

A

Means-end analysis

73
Q

False positive

A

Type 1 error

74
Q

False negative

A

Type 2 error

75
Q

Representative heuristics can lead to ___ which means co-occurrence of two instances is more likely than a single one.
Ex: Feminist bank teller vs bank teller, more likely she’s just a bank teller but people tend to think the probability of 2 events occurring together is higher than probability of one alone

A

Conjunction fallacy

76
Q

Is a bias about how you present decisions.
This disease kills 90% of the people in the trial (26 deaths) or this disease has only caused 26 deaths since time of its finding

A

Framing effect bias

77
Q

Concepts are organized in mind in terms of connected ideas. Parallel to how info might be stored in a computer. Links can be shorter for closely related ideas or longer for less related ideas

A

Semantic networks

78
Q

IS a concept about how when you activate one concept you are pulling related concepts with it

A

Spreading activation theory

79
Q

What are the three intelligence’s theorizesd?

A
  • Analytic intelligence (academic)
  • Creative intelligence (generate novel ideas and adapt)
  • Practical intelligence (solve ill-defined problems)
80
Q

IQ scores only measure ___ intelligence

A

Analytical (academic) intelligence

81
Q

IS the ability to reason quickly and abstractly.

Tends to decrease as we get older

A

Fluid intelligence

82
Q

Refers to accumulated knowledge and verbal skills.

-Usually increases or stays the same in adulthood

A

Crystallized intelligence

83
Q

Mindset that intelligence is changeable if you learn more. People with this tend to accomplish more

A

Growth mindset (intelligence)

84
Q

Intelligence is biologically set and unchanging

A

Fixed mindset (intelligence)

85
Q

Single g factor (general intelligence) is responsible for intelligence that underlies performance on all cognitive tasks

A

Spearmen’s idea of general intelligence

86
Q

Differentiates intelligence into different modalities, 8 different forms of intelligence

A

Gardner’s idea of 8 intelligences

87
Q

Theory of intelligence that states human ability is hereditary

A

Galton’s idea of hereditary genius

88
Q

How a child at a specific age performs intellectually compared to average intellectual performance for that physical age in years

A

Binet’s idea of mental age

89
Q

What is the behaviorist theory of language and cognition?

A

Empiricist, believe language is just CONDITIONED BEHAVIOR

90
Q

What is the nativist theory of language and cognition?

A

Rationalist, believe language must be innate

91
Q

What is materialist theory of language and cognition?

A

Looks at what happens in the brain when people think/speak/write

92
Q

What is interactionist theory of language and cognition?

A

Emphasizes interplay between environment cues and innate biology

93
Q

What is universalism theory of language?

A

Thoughts determine language completely

94
Q

He believed that once children were able to think a certain way and then developed language to describe those thoughts

A

Piaget

95
Q

Language and thought are both independent, but converge through development. Eventually we are able to use them at the same time

A

Vygotsky

96
Q

What is the WEAK linguistic determinism/relativity hypothesis?

A

Language influences thought
Ex: reading Right to left versus reading left to right influences what direction you might imagine character pushing girl in story

97
Q

Idea that speakers of different language utilize different cognitive processes that influence how they think; people understand their world through language and language in turn shapes how we experience the world

A

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Ex: Tribe called Hopi, without grammatical sense, they couldn’t think about time the same way

98
Q

Language is a form of behavior and is learned through operant conditioning.
-Children aren’t born with anything, only acquire language through reinforcement
-Children learn to say “mama” because everytime they say that, mom reinforces their child.
Doesn’t explain how children can produce words they’ve never heard before

A

Learning theory of language

99
Q

Believe biological and social factors have to interact in order for children to learn language. Children desire to communicate with adults, makes them learn language.

-Social role that language plays and human brain develops to be receptive to new language, children are motivated to practice and expand their vocabulary

A

Interactionist Theory (Vygotsky)

100
Q

Asserts that cognition and perception are determined by language one speaks

A

Linguistic relativity hypothesis (skinner)

MCAT (45 decks)

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