MCAT Psych (RESEARCH) Flashcards
Self-observation of a phenomenon by researcher or small group of participants.
-Introspection can provide insight into behaviors and occurrences that are difficult to measure
Phenomenological study
Comparisons are made between one group and another to test for differences
Between-subject design
A study design in which data collection or survey of a population or sample occurs at a specific time
Cross-sectional study
A review of many studies to combine results and find an emergent pattern in an area of research
Meta-analysis
Any two types of research methodology are cobined in the same study, such as qualitative and quantitative or between-studies and within-subjects
Mixed methods
A technique used by researchers who wish to make experimental and control groups similar along a set of variables
Randomized block technique
Researchers incorrectly reject the null hypothesis, also known as a false hypothesis
Type 1 error
Researchers accept the null hypothesis when in fact it is false, known as a false negative
Type 2 error
Comparisons are made at different time points for the same group
Within-subjects design
A theory that views society as being in competition for limited resources
Conflict theory
A dominant religious organization that includes most members of a society, and is recognized as the exclusive national religion
Ecclesia
A theory that conceptualizes society as a living organism with many different parts and organs, each of which has a distinct purpose
Functionalism
The elements that serve some function in society, such as laws, morals, values, religions, customs, rituals, and rules that make up society
Social facts
A sociological theory that argues that reality is constructed not inherent.
Social constructionism
A social mechanism or practice that is created and sustained by society
Social construct
A complex of roles, norms, and values organized into a relatively stable form that contributed to social order by governing the behavior of people
Social institutions
A group of people who share a culture and live/interact with each other within a definable area
Society
A system in which companies are privately run, but work closely with the government in forming laws and regulations
State capitalism
A micro-level theory in sociology, which examines the relationship between individuals and society by focusing on communication, the exchange of information through language and symbols
Symbolic interactionism
A form of leadership where power is due to custom, tradition, or accepted practice
Traditional authority
A system in which most of the economy is private with the exception of extensive social welfare programs to serve certain needs within society
Welfare capitalism
The foundational work on ___ explained that material culture changes much faster than non-material culture, which often resists change
Cultural lag
A set of theories describing the process through which societies and cultures have progressed over time
Sociocultural evolution
refers to the fact that changes in total fertility rates are often not reflected in the birth rate for several generations
Population-lag effect
refers to the nature and extent of disease in a population
Morbidity
___refers to the conscious experience of individuals or groups that do not have the resources needed for the social experiences and services that are seen as appropriate to their social position.
Relative deprivation
___refers to the way people are categorized in society; people can be categorized by race, education, wealth, and income.
Social stratification
The visible and invisible rules of social conduct within a society
Norms
The belief that bad things happen to other people, but not to us
Optimism bias
A large group, more impersonal than a network, that comes together to pursue particular activiites and meet goals efficiently
Organization
Cognitive route of persuasion that involves more superficial or secondary characteristics
Peripheral route
A distinct sense of self; including personally-defined attributes
Personal identity
Thoughts. attitudes, and feelings someone holds about a group that are based on a prejudgment or biased thinking about a group and its members
Prejudice
Occurs when we assume others have the same beliefs we do, due to our tendency to look for similarities between ourselves and others
Projection bias
___consists of who you are in terms of your race, religion, gender, occupation, and such
Social identity
The tendency to better remember information relevant to ourselves is known as __
self-reference effect
___is constructed out of your life experiences, societal expectations and the things you admire about role models
Ideal self
___is the idea that a person’s sense of self develops from interpersonal interactions with others in society and the perception of others.
Looking-glass self
____is the theory that the mind and self emerge through th process of communicating with others. This theory was the beginning of what became sumbolic interactionism
Social behaviorism
___are rewards and punishments for behaviors that are in accord with or against norms
Sanctions
___are generally written down, like laws that are precisely defined, publicly presented, and often have strict penalties
Formal norms
___are understood but less precise and usually carry no specific punishment
Informal norms
___is a social condition in which individuals are not provided with firm guidelines in relation to norms and values and there is minimal moral guidance or social ethic
Anomie
This perspective argues that deviance is a learned behavior resulting from interactions between individuals and their communities
Differential association
This perspective suggests that deviance is the result of society’s response to a person rather than something inherent in the person’s actions
Labeling theory
This perspective purports that deviance is the result of experienced strain, either individual or structural
Structural strain
__refers to when individuals attribute behaviors to internal causes
Dispositional attribution
___refers to when individuals attribute behaviors to external causes
Situational attribution
We are more likely to assume that a persons actions are who they are rather than it being a situational thing.
Fundamental attribution error
Tendency to blame our actions on the situation and blame the actions of others on their personalities
Actor-observer bias
The tendency to attribute success to ourselves and failures to others or external environment
Self-serving bias
__explains when people will be influenced by the content of the speech (logic of the argument) and when people will be influenced by other, more superficial characteristics like the appearance of the orator or the length of the speech
Elaboration likelihood model
Looks art how key events in a person’s life such as marriage, death, and the birth of children unfold over time and lead to a person’s development
Life course perspective or life course approach
Expressing the opposite of what one really feels, when it would feel too dangerous to express the real feeling
Reaction formation
Attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to another peron (I’m not angry, you are!)
Projection
Redirecting aggressive or sexual impulses from a forbidden action or object onto a less dangerous one
Displacement
Explaining and intellectually justifying one’s impulsive behavior
Rationalization
Reverting to an earlier, less sophisticated behavior
Regression
Channeling aggressive or sexual energy into positive, constructive activities, such as producing art
Sublimation
During this stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages, sexual interest subside and are replaced by interest in other areas such as school, friends, and sports
Latency stage
During this stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages, sexual themes resurface and a person’s life/sexual energy fuels activities such as friendships, arts, sports, and careers
Genital stage
According to this theory, humans are seen as inherently good and as having free will, rather than having their behavior determined by their early relationships
Humanistic theory
An innate drive to maintain and enhance the organism
Actualizing tendency
Realizing his or her human potential as long as no obstacles intervene
Self actualization
___ is made up of the child’s conscious, subjective perceptions and beliefs about him- or herself
Self concept
___ is determinstic, proposing that people begin as blank slates, and that environmental reinforcement and punishment completely determine an individual’s subsequent behavior and personalities
Behaviorism
In ___ behaviors are influenced by the consequences that follow them.
Operant conditioning
___ are evident from a person’s behavior
Example: he is talkative or exuberant
Surface traits
___ are factors underlying human personality and behavior they are few and usually abstract such as introversion or extroversion
Source traits
What are the 5 global factors?
Extroversion Anxiety Receptivity Accommodation Self-Control
___ are considered internal, stable, and enduring aspects of personality that should be consistent across most situations
Trait
If your blood glucose drops, you feel hungry, and have a drive to eat
Drive Reduction theory
External stimuli, objects, and events in the environment that either help induce or discourage certain behaviors.
Incentives
What are the hierarchy of needs as stated by maslow from 1st need to highest
- Physiological needs
- Safety Needs
- Love and belongingness
- Esteem needs
- Self-actualization
What are the 3 components of attitude?
- affect (emotion)
- Behavior tendencies
- Cognition
If a scary dog begins to chase you, first you experience an increased heart rate and this is followed by the conscious labeling of the experience as “fear”
James-Lange Theory
A scary dog comes running after you (stimulus) -> you experience fear (emotion) AND an increased heart rate (phsyiological response) same time
Cannon-Bard Theory
Stimulus -> physiological response -> cognitive interpretation -> emotion
Schachter- Singer
