Next Step Psych Flashcards
___investigate a population at a single point in time
Cross-sectional studies
__are treatments known to have no effect in a study
Negative controls
_are treatments known to have a certain effect and can be used to assess whether experimental methodology was sound
Positive controls
___attenuate or strengthen a given relationship
Moderating variables
__provide an important logical link between an independent and dependent variable or outcome
Mediating variable
Drive reduction theorist suggest that depression stems from a reduction in the motivating force of ____
arousal
__refers to the number of cases of a disease
Incidence
__compare information about individuals with a disease or condition against people without the disease or condition
Case control designs
__is the lifelong process through which people inherit, develop, and disseminate social norms, customs, and beliefs
Socialization
__refers to learning of acceptable actions or attitudes during childhood
Primary socialization
__refers to the process of learning what is acceptable and appropriate in a smaller more focused section of society. How to behave at work or school would be an example
Secondary socialization
__refers to the process of preparing for future changes, such as changing sleep schedule to get ready for night-shifts
Anticipatory socialization
__is a negative type of stress that builds over time and is bad for your body
Distress
__is a positive type of stress that happens when you perceive a situation as challenging but motivating
Eustress
__is a neutral type of stress when exposed to something stressful but it doesn’t actively affect you
Neustress
___is the tendency to make decisions about actions or events based upon our standard representation of the event
Representative heuristic
__reinforcement schedule tends to produce highest response rates that are most resistant to extinction
Variable-ratio
__describes the phenomenon in which it is harder for an individual to reconcile different pieces of information relating to colors than to reconcile similar pieces of information
Stroop effect
__refers to whether a variable is able to predict a certain outcome
Criterion validity
___refers to how individual attitudes are shaped by social factors
Socialization
__is the increasing amount of interaction and integration on the international scale through the exchange of products, services, ideas, and information
Globalization
___is an attempt to get someone to like you in order to get them to comply with your requests
Ingratiation
__is an influence to accept the information from others as evidence about reality, and come into play when we are uncertain about information or what might be correct
Informational influence
___is an influence to conform with the expectations of others to gain social approval
Normative influence
__holds that the amount of motivation required to achieve a goal is affected both by a person’s expectations of reaching the goal and how much that person values reaching that goal
Expectancy value theory
__ is characterized by a tendency to experience or express negative emotions
Neuroticism
The __ is the pleasure principle, it is selfish, compelling us to seek pleasure and avoid pain
Id
The __ is the reality principle, it is realistic compelling us to behave in ways that are socially acceptable and acts to mediate between the pleasure principle and the morality/perfection principle
Ego
The __ is the morality/perfection principle, it is moralistic and idealistic and compelling us towards perfection
Superego
__ posits that personality change is possible when a person has a strong ego that can succesfully mediate between one’s impulsive pleasure seeking Id and the goals of the idealistic superego
Psychoanalytic theory
The __ proposes that language acquisiton is the result of both biological and environmental/social factors, particularly the interactions that occur between children and their caregivers
Interactionist theory
__ proposes that language is not learned as other skills/behaviors but is learned via an innate process hardwired in the brain and only language exposure during a critical time period in life results in fluency
Nativist theory
__ describes an increase in synaptic transmission of neurons which is the neural foundation of learning and memory consolidations
Long-term potentiation
Remember that in Parkinsons a dopamine___leads to increased motor problems
Deficit
Norms that govern everyday behavior
Folkways
Takes a group of individuals and asks them about their experiences in the past
Retrospective cohort Design
Mental shortcuts or simplified interactions of principles that can help us make decisions but can lead to poor judgment
Heuristics
Refers to the tendency to give socially approved responses to questions in the context of research
Social-desirability bias
Refers to relationships that exist without blood relationship
Affinal kinship or kinship of affinity
__is when the negative aspects of a situation are focused upon in a situation more so
Negativity bias
Refers to whether a study comprehensively accounts for all relevant facets of the phenomenon it is intended to investigate
Content validity
In operant conditioning __ refers to reducing the frequency of rewards for a given action
Thinning
__ is a variable that either decreases or increases the strength of an association
Moderating variable
__ is a variable that provides a causal link between two variables that show a statistical relationship
Mediating variable
___ posits that people observe themselves in order to figure out the reason they act as they do
Self-perception theory
What are the stages of Kubler Ross death
Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance
Mistaken belief that if something happens more frequently than normal during period, it will happen less frequently in the future
Gambler’s fallacy
States that individuals who experience weakened social values are less likely to behave in ways that are helpful to that society
Anomie theory
Holds that individuals who experience negative events feel negative emotions, which leads to negative behaviors
General strain theory
The __ includes basic human instinctual drives and by definition is UNCONSCIOUS
Id
__ deals with the Id’s impulses as soon as an adequate response is found. It operates primarily at the conscious and preconscious levels
Edo
The __ forms the organizd part of the personality structure and is mostly unconscious
Superego
The __ and ___ are conscious based on Freud’s model
Superego and ego
The ego, superego, and id are all somewhat ___
unconscious
__ refers to the perceived pressure to engage or not engage in a behavior
Subjective norms
__ is the theory that a person’s behavior influences and is influenced by personal factors and the environment
Reciprocal determinism
__asserts that people learn by watching others, and if they see someone is rewarded for a behavior, they are more likely to behave that way too
Social cognitive theory
Refers to a country rejecting trade with others and remaining isolated
Protectionism
the hypothesis suggests that dreams are created by changes in neuron activity that activates the brainstem during REM sleep.
In other words, as the body and brain cycles through the day and night, the chemicals that activate the nerves of the brainstem shift and change. As they change, they trigger brain activity that activates memories that come to the surface during periods of the light REM sleep that we all experience.
Activation- Synthesis theory
is the predictable way the body responds to stress as described by Hans Selye
General adaptation syndrome
What are the three stages of General Adaptation Syndrome?
The first stage is the alarm stage, which provides a burst of energy. In the second stage, known as the resistance stage, the body attempts to resist or adapt to the stressor. The last stage is known as the exhaustion stage because energy is depleted.
predominantly a social phenomenon by which a minority or sub-group is excluded, and their needs or desires ignored
Marginalization
typically defined as incorporating individuals from different groups into a society as equals.
Integration
__proposes that individuals are motivated based on expected outcomes of their behavior.
- Motivation involves:
- Expectancy : the belief that one will be able to achieve the desired outcome
- Instrumentality: the belief that one has control over the desired outcome
- Valence: the value placed on the desired outcome
Expectancy theory of motivation
_proposed that motivation is a result of a disruption of homeostasis which generates a drive to fulfill that need, which prompts action
Drive-Reduction theory
The __ bis the model that depletion of monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine) in the CNS can directly cause depression symptoms
Monoamine hypothesis of depression
__ is a progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, a portion of the basal ganglia
Parkinson’s disease
__ is an enzyme attached to mitochondria in axon terminals that catalyze the oxidation (breakdown) of monoamines such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine
Monoamine oxidase
__is the ability to apply logic and creative thinking to new situations
Fluid intelligence
__ is the ability to apply facts and acquired knowledge to situations
Crystallized intelligence
What two memory forms remain stable with aging?
- Semantic memory: names of people, colors, and vocabulary
- Procedural memory: riding a bike, driving a car, serving a tennis ball, etc.
__ occurs when more recent information interferes with one’s ability to recall old information
Retroactive interference
__occurs when previously learned information interferes with one’s ability to recall new information
Proactive interference
__is the process whereby information is more easily recalled when an individual is in the same contect (room setting) where he or she first learned the information
Context-dependent memory
