Anatomy of the CNS and PNS Flashcards
The three subdivisions of the brain are ___,___and___
Hindbrain = rhombencephalon Midbrain = mesencephalon Forebrain = prosencephalon
walking, urination, and sex organ function as well as other primitive processes are done so by__
Spinal cord
The hindbrain includes these 3 parts
medulla, pons, cerebellum
__ is located below the pons and connects to the spinal cord
Medulla
__ functions in relaying information between other areas of the brain and regulating vital autonomic functions such as blood pressure, digestive functions, vomiting, and respiratory rhythmicity centers are found here
Medulla oblongata
___ is the connection point between the brain stem and the cerebellum
Pons
__ controls some autonomic functions and coordinates movement, it also plays a role in balance and antigravity posture
Pons
__ is located behind the pons and below the cerebral hemisphere
Cerebellum
__ is the integrating center where complex movements are coordinated
Cerebellum
An instruction for movement from the forebrain must be sent to the __ where billions of decisions necessary for smooth execution of the movement are made
Cerebellum
Damage to___ results in poor hand-eye coordination and balance
Cerebellum
Both the cerebellum and the pons receive information from the ___ in the inner ear, which monitors acceleration and position relative to gravity
Vestibular apparatus
The ___ is a relay for visual and auditory information and contains much of the reticular activating system (RAS) which is responsible for arousal and wakefulness
Midbrain
The ___ is responsible for arousal and wakefulness found in the midbrain
Reticular activating system (RAS)
The medulla, pons, and midbrain constitute the
Brainstem
The forebrain includes the __ and the __
diencephalon and telencephalon
The __ includes the thalamus and the hypothalamus
Diencephalon
___ is located near the middle of the brain below the cerebral hemispheres and above the midbrain
Thalamus
__ contains the relay and processing centers for sensory information
Thalamus
__ contains centers for controlling emotions and autonomic functions, and has major role in hormone production and release
Hypothalamus
__ is the primary link between the nervous and the endocrine system
Hypothalamus
___ controls the pituitary gland and by doing so, is the fundamental control center for the endocrine system
Hypothalamus
The cerebral hemispheres are connected by a thick bundle of axons called the __
corpus callosum
__ is the largest region of the human brain and consists of the large, paired cerebral hemispheres
Cerebrum
The grey matter of the cerebrum (cerebral cortex) is composed of ___
trillions of somas or neuron cell bodies
The white inner core of the cerebrum is composed of __
myelinated axons
The ___ initiates all voluntary movement and is involved in complex reasoning skills and problem solving
Frontal lobe
The ___ is involved in general sensations (such as touch, temperature, pressure, vibration, and in gustation)
Parietal lobe
The ___ processes auditory and olfactory sensations
Temporal lobe
The ___ is involved in short term memory, language comprehension, and emotion
Temporal lobe
The __ processes visual sensation
Occipital lobe
The ___ broadly function in voluntary motor control and procedural learning related to habits
Basal nuclei
The ___ and __ work together to process and coordinate movement initiated by the primary motor cortex
Basal nuclei, and cerebellum
The ___ prevents excess movement
The ___ is excitatory
Basal nuclei are inhibitory (prevents excess movement)
Cerebellum is excitatory
___includes several structures (amygdala, cingulate gyrus, and hippocampus)
Limbic system
The __ is important in emotion, memory, and learning, controls emotional states, and helps with memory storage and retrieval
Limbic system
Eye movement ___
midbrain
How many cranial nerves are there?
12
How many spinal nerves are there?
31
___ convey sensory and motor information to and from the brainstem
Cranial nerves
___ convey sensory and motor information to and from the spinal cord
Spinal nerves
The effects of this nerve upon the heart and GI tract are to:
- DECREASE heart rate,
- INCREASE GI activity
Vagus nerve
Vagus nerve is part of the __
parasympathetic division of the ANS
All somatic motor neurons innervate ____
skeletal muscle cells
All somatic motor neurons use __ as their neurotransmitter
Ach (acetylcholine)
All somatic motor neurons have their cell bodies in the ___ or ___
brainstem or ventral (front) portion of the spinal cord
All somatic sensory neurons have a long dendrite extending from a sensory receptor toward the soma, which is located just outside the CNS in a ___
Dorsal root ganglion
The __ is a bunch of somatic (and autonomic) sensory neuron cell bodies located just dorsal to the spinal cord
Dorsal root ganglion
___ are protective sheath of the brain and spinal cord
Meninges
In all somatic sensory neurons, the first synapse is in the ___
CNS
All autonomic preganglionic neurons release ___ as their neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine
All parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release___
Acetylcholine
Nearly all sympathetic postganglionic neurons release ___ as their neurotransmitter
Norepinephrine (NE, also known as Noradrenaline)
All sympathetic preganglionic efferent neurons have their cell bodies in the ___ or the ___
thoracic (chest) or lumbar (lower back) regions of the spinal cord
The parasympathetic system is known as the craniosacral system because all of its preganglionic neurons have cell bodies in the ___
brainstem or in the lowest portion of the spinal cord, the sacral portion
In the sympathetic system, the preganglionic axon is __
relatively short
The sympathetic post-ganglionic cell sends a __
LONG axon to the effector
The parasympathetic preganglionic neuron sends a long axon to a
small ganglion which is close to the effector
Example: parasympathetic ganglia controlling the intestines are located on the outer wall of the gut
The parasympathetic postganglionic neuron has a ___
very short axon, since the cell body is close to the target
The adrenal cortex is an important endocrine gland secreting ___,___ and ___
glucocorticoids (the main one is cortisol)
mineralcorticoids (the main one is aldosterone)
some sex hormones
The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex is ___
cortisol
The main mineralcorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex is ___
aldosterone
The adrenal medulla is part of the __
sympathetic nervous system
Upon activation of the sympathetic system, the adrenal medulla is stimulated to release __
epinephrine
