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MCAT > MCAT BIO Cell Biology > Flashcards

MCAT BIO Cell Biology Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Chromosomes have a ___ near the middle to ensure that newly replicated chromosomes are sorted properly during cell divison, one copy to each daughter cell

A

Centromere

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2
Q

__is a region in the nucleus that functions as a ribosome factory.

A

Nucleolus

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3
Q

___ consists of loops of DNA, RNA polymerases, rRNA, and the protein components of the ribosome

A

Nucleolus

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4
Q

What role do the loops of DNA in the nucleolus play?

A

They serve as template for ribosomal RNA production

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5
Q

The nucleolus is the site of transcription of rRNA by___

A

RNA polymerase 1

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6
Q

The membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum is at points continuous with the ____

A

outer nuclear membrane of the nuclear envelope

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7
Q

The lumen of the ER is continuous with the __

A

space between the two nuclear membranes of the nuclear envelope

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8
Q

Where is pyruvate dehydrogenase and the enzymes of the Krebs cycle located?

A

In the interior of the mitochondria, the MATRIX

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9
Q

__ is the site of the proton gradient used to drive ATP synthesis by ATP synthase

A

Inner membrane Matrix of mitochondria

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10
Q

The ___of the mitochondria is impermeable to the free diffusion of polar substances, like protons

A

Inner membrane of Matrix of mitochondria

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11
Q

The ___ of the mitochondria is smooth and contains large pores that allow free passage of small molecules

A

outer membrane of the mitochondrial matrix

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12
Q

Why is the inner membrane (matrix) folded into cristae?

A

To increase surface area and allow for increased electron transport and ATP synthesis per mitochondrion

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13
Q

Where are the enzymes of glycolysis located?

A

Cytoplasm

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14
Q

Mitochondrion and ____look pretty familiar

A

Gram-negative bacterium

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15
Q

What difficulty may be encountered in translation of a mitochondrial gene moved to the nucleus?

A

Coding system of cellular genome is different from that of mitochondrial genome

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16
Q

___is a large system of folded membrane accounting for over half of the membrane of some cells

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

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17
Q

__ contains enzymes involved in steroid hormone biosynthesis or degradation of environmental toxins

A

Smooth ER

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18
Q

Proteins translated on____ are headed toward peroxisomes, mitochondria, nucleus, or inside cell

A

Free cytoplasmic ribosomes

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19
Q

Proteins synthesized on the rough ER will end up ___, ___,___

A
  1. secreted into the extracellular environment
  2. Integral plasma membrane proteins
  3. Membrane or interior of ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes
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20
Q

Integral membrane proteins have sections of hydrophobic amino acid residues called __that pass through the lipid bilayer membranes

A

Transmembrane domains

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21
Q

What are the 3 functions of the Golgi apparatus?

A
  1. modification of proteins made in the RER
  2. Sorting and sending proteins to correct destinations
  3. Synthesize macromolecules like polysaccharides to be secreted
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22
Q

Vesicles from the ER fuse with the ___ of the Golgi apparatus

A

Cis track nearest to the rough ER

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23
Q

Proteins leave the Golgi apparatus from the ___

A

Trans stack farthest from the Rough ER

24
Q

___is a membrane-bound organelle that is responsible for the degradation of biological macromolecules by HYDROLYSIS

A

Lysosomes

25
Q

Process of degradation of organelles by lysosomes

A

Autophagy

26
Q

Macriphages of the immune system engulf bacteria and viruses the particles end up in a phagocytic vesicle which will fuse with the __

A

lysosome

27
Q

___refers to lysosomal digestion of unneeded secretory products

A

Crinophagy

28
Q

Enzyme responsible for degradation in lysosomes is __

A

acid hydrolases

29
Q

The pH of lysosome is around __ making its enzyme acid hydrolase active

A

5

30
Q

What are functions of peroxisomes?

A
  1. Breakdwon peroxide by use of enzyme catalase
  2. lipid breakdown in many cells
  3. Asssiste in detox of drugs and chemicals in liver cells
31
Q

___ is the enzyme in peroxisomes that breaks down peroxide into H20 and O2

A

Catalase

32
Q

Integral membrane proteins are held in the membrane by __

A

hydrophobic interactions

33
Q

What holds peripheral membrane proteins to integral proteins ( 2 things)

A

Hydrogen bonding

Electrostatic interactions

34
Q

What interaction between fatty acid side chains are a major determinant of membrane fluidity?

A

van derr Waals interactions

35
Q

Increasing the unsaturated fatty acid content of the membrane will ____

A

Increase fluidity since they have fewer van derr waals interactions

36
Q

Why is molality better to use when measuring properties involving temperature?

A

Molality does not change with temeprature

37
Q

___ tells us how many ions one unit of a substance will produce in a solution

A

van’t Hoff (ionizability) factor (i)

38
Q

__ depend on the number of solute particles in the solution rather than the type of particle

A

Colligative properties

39
Q

What are the four major colligative properties tested on the MCAT?

A

vapor-pressure depression
boiling-point elevation
freezing-point depression
osmotic pressure

40
Q

__ is the pressure exerted by the gaseous phase of a liquid that evaporated from the exposed surface of a liquid

A

Vapor pressure

41
Q

___ is the movement of a molecule down a gradient with the help of a protein

A

Facilitated diffusion

42
Q

The ____ established by the Na+/K+ ATPase is the driving force behind secondary active transport of many different molecules, including sugars, and amino acids

A

concentration gradient of HIGH SODIUM OUTSIDE OF THE CELL

43
Q

What are thee ways the activity of Na+/K+ ATPase is important?

A
  1. To maintain osmotic balance between the cellular interior and exterior
  2. To establish the resting membrane potential
  3. To provide the sodium concentration gradient used to drive secondary active transport
44
Q

___ is a second messenger of the hormones epinephrine and glucagon, chich cause energy mobilization (glycogen and fat breakdown)

A

cyclic AMP (cAMP)

45
Q

A___ does not directly transduce its signal but transmits it into the cell with the aide of a second messenger, the most important second messenger being (cAMP)

A

G-protein linked receptor

46
Q

The common theme of all G-protein based signal transduction is ___

A

their reliance on a G-protein, which is a signaling molecule that binds GTP

47
Q

The animal ____ provides the structural support supplied by the cell wall in bacteria, plants and fungi

A

Cytoskeleton

48
Q

What three proteins compose the animal cytoskeleton?

A

microtubules
intermediate filaments
microfilaments

49
Q

___is a hollow rod composed of two globular proteins a-tubulin and B-tubulin, polymerized noncovalently

A

Microtubule

50
Q

___ radiate out from the centrioles during mitosis

A

Microtubules

51
Q

Microtubules radiating out from the centrioles during mitosis are called __ because they are star shaped

A

Aster

52
Q

Epithelial cells in the skin are held together tightly but do not form a complete seal; this is accomplished by __

A

desmosomes

53
Q

Heart muscle cells are connected by holes called __ that allow ions to flow back and forth between them

A

Gap junctions

54
Q

___ also termed occluding junctions because they dont just join cells but form a seal between the membranes of adjacent cells

A

Tight junctions

55
Q

___ form pore-like connections between adjacent cells, allowing the two cells’ cytoplasms to mix

A

Gap junctions

56
Q

___ in smooth muscle and cardiac muscle allow the membrane depolarization of an action potential to pass directly from one cell to another

A

Gap junctions

57
Q

__ phase includes mitosis and cytokinesis

A

M phase

MCAT (45 decks)

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