Uropathology Flashcards
What are the risk factors of kidney cancer?
Smoking - doubles the risk
HTN and obesity
Von Hippel Laundau disease
Tuberous sclerosis
What are the symptoms of kidney cancer?
Blood in urine
Sudden weight loss
Lump in the abdomen
Pain in the lower back
Fever
Loss of appetite
What are the two types of surgery associated with the kidney?
Radical nephrectomy - all the kidney, adrenal gland and local nodes.
Partial nephrectomy - tumour and area around it
What is a radical nephrectomy?
Remove kidney, adrenal gland and lymph nodes.
What is the most common kidney cancer?
Renal cell carcinoma
What are 75% of kidney cancers?
Clear cell carcinoma
What is oncocytoma?
An oncocytoma is a tumor made up of oncocytes, epithelial cells characterized by an excessive amount of mitochondria, resulting in an abundant acidophilic, granular cytoplasm. The cells and the tumor that they compose are often benign but sometimes may be premalignant or malignant.
What is the 2nd most common kidney cancer?
Papillary kidney cancer
What is the staging called for kidney cancer?
Furhmann staging
What is the staging of a kidney?
T1 - less than 7cm in the kidney
T2 - more tha n 7cm in the kidney
T3 - spreads but not beyond gerota’s fascia
T4 gerota’s fascia and beyond
What percent of childhood cancers are nephroblastoma/ Wilms tumour?
Nephroblastoma is 6%
What is Angiomyolipomas?
Angiomyolipomas are the most common benign tumour of the kidney. Although regarded as benign, angiomyolipomas may grow such that kidney function is impaired or the blood vessels may dilate and burst, leading to bleeding.
Angiomyolipomas are strongly associated with the genetic disease Tuberous Sclerosis, in which most individuals have several Angiomyolipomas affecting
What are the most common risk factors of bladder or urinary tract cancers?
Smoking
Occuoational chemicals - dyes, paint, leather
Satirated fat
Schistomsomiasis Haematobium in Eygypt
How is bladder cancer diagnosed?
Cytoscopy with biopsy or transurethral resection
Urine cytoplogy
What percent of cancers are urinary tract cancers?
7%
T or F most bladder cancers are papillary?
True
What percent of men have BPH between 70 and 90?
90%
How is BPH detected?
Rectal exam and ultrasound
How is BPH treated?
Alpha blockers or transurethral resection
What scoring is used for protstate cancer?
Gleason score
T or F? Prostate cancer is normally the cause of death in men.
False/ Its slow growing and death is something else
Who is at the highest risk of prostate cancer?
Black men
How is prostate cancer diagnosed?
Transrectal needle core biopsy by USS guidance
What are the treatments of prostate cancer?
- Radical prostatectomy (removes prostate, seminal vesicles, and local nodes). 80% survival for 10 years. Side effects: sterility, incontinence, ED
- Hormone therapy. 80% reduction in size
- Radiotherapy
