Uropathology

Question 1

What are the risk factors of kidney cancer?

Answer 1

Smoking - doubles the risk

HTN and obesity

Von Hippel Laundau disease

Tuberous sclerosis

Question 2

What are the symptoms of kidney cancer?

Answer 2

Blood in urine

Sudden weight loss

Lump in the abdomen

Pain in the lower back

Fever

Loss of appetite

Question 3

What are the two types of surgery associated with the kidney?

Answer 3

Radical nephrectomy - all the kidney, adrenal gland and local nodes.

Partial nephrectomy - tumour and area around it

Question 4

What is a radical nephrectomy?

Answer 4

Remove kidney, adrenal gland and lymph nodes.

Question 5

What is the most common kidney cancer?

Answer 5

Renal cell carcinoma

Question 6

What are 75% of kidney cancers?

Answer 6

Clear cell carcinoma

Question 7

What is oncocytoma?

Answer 7

An oncocytoma is a tumor made up of oncocytes, epithelial cells characterized by an excessive amount of mitochondria, resulting in an abundant acidophilic, granular cytoplasm. The cells and the tumor that they compose are often benign but sometimes may be premalignant or malignant.

Question 8

What is the 2nd most common kidney cancer?

Answer 8

Papillary kidney cancer

Question 9

What is the staging called for kidney cancer?

Answer 9

Furhmann staging

Question 10

What is the staging of a kidney?

Answer 10

T1 - less than 7cm in the kidney

T2 - more tha n 7cm in the kidney

T3 - spreads but not beyond gerota’s fascia

T4 gerota’s fascia and beyond

Question 11

What percent of childhood cancers are nephroblastoma/ Wilms tumour?

Answer 11

Nephroblastoma is 6%

Question 12

What is Angiomyolipomas?

Answer 12

Angiomyolipomas are the most common benign tumour of the kidney. Although regarded as benign, angiomyolipomas may grow such that kidney function is impaired or the blood vessels may dilate and burst, leading to bleeding.
Angiomyolipomas are strongly associated with the genetic disease Tuberous Sclerosis, in which most individuals have several Angiomyolipomas affecting

Question 13

What are the most common risk factors of bladder or urinary tract cancers?

Answer 13

Smoking

Occuoational chemicals - dyes, paint, leather

Satirated fat

Schistomsomiasis Haematobium in Eygypt

Question 14

How is bladder cancer diagnosed?

Answer 14

Cytoscopy with biopsy or transurethral resection

Urine cytoplogy

Question 15

What percent of cancers are urinary tract cancers?

Answer 15

7%

Question 16

T or F most bladder cancers are papillary?

Answer 16

True

Question 17

What percent of men have BPH between 70 and 90?

Answer 17

90%

Question 18

How is BPH detected?

Answer 18

Rectal exam and ultrasound

Question 19

How is BPH treated?

Answer 19

Alpha blockers or transurethral resection

Question 20

What scoring is used for protstate cancer?

Answer 20

Gleason score

Question 21

T or F? Prostate cancer is normally the cause of death in men.

Answer 21

False/ Its slow growing and death is something else

Question 22

Who is at the highest risk of prostate cancer?

Answer 22

Black men

Question 23

How is prostate cancer diagnosed?

Answer 23

Transrectal needle core biopsy by USS guidance

Question 24

What are the treatments of prostate cancer?

Answer 24

1. Radical prostatectomy (removes prostate, seminal vesicles, and local nodes). 80% survival for 10 years. Side effects: sterility, incontinence, ED
2. Hormone therapy. 80% reduction in size
3. Radiotherapy