GI infections Flashcards by Sam Jacobs

What is the most common type of bacteria in the gut?

Bacteroides and GNR

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Name two causes of oseophagitis?

CMV and candida infection

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Name a cause of gastritis?

H.pylori

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What is a liver abcess?

A liver abscess is a mass filled with pus inside the liver.[1] Common causes are abdominal conditions such as appendicitis or diverticulitis due to haematogenous spread through the portal vein.[2] It can also develop as a complication of a liver injury.

Pyogenic liver abscess, which is most often polymicrobial, accounts for 80% of hepatic abscess cases in the United States.

Amoebic liver abscess due to Entamoeba histolytica accounts for 10% of cases. The incidence is much higher in developing countries.

Fungal abscess, most often due to Candida species, accounts for less than 10% of cases.

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What are symptoms of a gallbladder infection?

Charcot triad: jaundice, pain and fever

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What is a common cause of pancreatitis?

Mumps

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What are common causes of enteritis of the small intestine?

Rotavirus, norovirus, GNR

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What are the common causative agents of infection of the large bowel?

Colitis? CMV, clostririduum, TB

Diverticulitis? GNR, anaerobes

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What are the different parts of the Bristol stool chart?

Bristol stool chart = 1-7

Type 1 is hard, lumpy (like maltersers)/ pellet like

Type 2 - is hard, sauasage like but with lumps (like a lion bar)

Type 3 -(flake like) sausage with cracks

Type 4 - smooth (like a ripple bar)

Type 5 - soft pellets (like revels)

Type 6 - (soft like ice cream)

Type 7 - (watery like chocolate milk)

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What is the most important thing to prevent in gastro-enteritis?

Dehydration

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What is the most common risk factor for oesophagitis? What should you check for?

HIV status or immunocompromised

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What is the 2nd most common causative agent of oesophagitis?

CMV

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What is a useful way to test for oesophagitis caused by CMV?

There was a significant association between the detection of owl’s eye inclusion bodies and positive CMV PCR (p < 0.001)

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How is CMV treated?

Treat immunosuppression +/- ganciclovir

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How is thrush treated?

Check HIV status and treat with fluconazole

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What is a test for H pylori?

Urease breath test

CLO test Rapid urease test, also known as the CLO test (Campylobacter-like organism test), is a rapid diagnostic test for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori.

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What diseases can untreated H pylori cause?

Gastric cancer

Gastric MALT lymphoma

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What is the treatment for H pylori?

PPI

Amoxicillin / metronidazole

Clarithromycin

1 week

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What does it mean if diarrhea is watery?

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What does it mean if the diarrhea is bloody?

Large intestine is affected

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What is a staph aureus food infection like?

Its incubation period lasts one to six hours,[38] with the illness itself lasting from 30 minutes to 3 days

Spores survive, despite organism dying in gut.

Caused by uncooked food

Gram positive

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What is the incubation period of a S aureus infection?

Its incubation period lasts one to six hours,[38] with the illness itself lasting from 30 minutes to 3 days

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What symptoms are more common in S aureus infection? Which one symptom is not common?

Vomiting

Fever

Abdo pain

(less chance of diarrhoea)

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What is Clostridium perfringens?

Gram positive

Spore form once ingsted

Incubation time is between 18 and 24 hours after ingestion of contaminated food.

Resolves in 1 day

Can cause diarrhoea, abdo pain and fever.

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What type of bacteria is clostridium perfringens?

Gram positive

What is the incubation period? How long does it last?

18-24 hours But lasts once day

Which antibiotics increase risk of C. difficle?

Ones that start with C (+ A, E, I. O, U) A - co-amoxiclav E - ceftriaxone I - clindamycin O - ciprofloaxicin U - PPI

How is a clostridium difficicle infection treated?

Mild - metronidazole (IV or oral) Moderate/ severe - vancomycin (oral or rectal). Oral as cannot pass membrane Recurrent infections - treat with Fidaxomicin Therapy

What are the main symptoms of c difficile infection?

Foul smelling diarrhoea, dehydration, shock, pain

What are the two types of infection linked to Bacillus cereus?

Emetic (1-5 h) like S .aureus Diarrhoeal (18-24h) like C difficule Rice not heated enough

What medication should be given orally?

Vancomycin as doesn't pass

What is the incubation of cholera?

1-5 days

Where has there been a recent outbreak of cholera?

Yemen

How is cholera treated?

Rehydration Ciprofloxacin

What does salmonella typhi cause?

Enteric fever

What does salmonella typhi invade?

Peyer's patches

What is the pathogenesis of salmonella typhi?

Incubation 5-12 days before infection starts

What is the pathogenesis of salmonella typhi?

How is salmonella typhi treated?

Ceftriaxone, ampicillin, meropenem (cell wall inhibition)

What is shigella?

Bloody diarrhea and tenesmus Can cause reactive arhritis, conjuctivitus, HUS

Why should you not give antibiotics in E coli 0157

Causes more release of toxin

What is the incubation of campylobacter?

3 days

What can shigella cause?

HUS and reactive arthritis

What does giardia cause?

Flattened villi, lactose intolerance

What is Whipple's disease?

Affects absorption caused by Tropheryma whippelii.

What type of testing can be done on stool?

MC and S C diff antigen testing Ova, cysts and parasites checking

What are the components of gram stains?

Crystal violet Iodine Alcohol Safranin

Is staphylococcus aureus coagulase positive or negative?

Positive

Is staphlococcus epidermis coagulase positive or negative?

Negative

What separates the upper and lower respiratory tract?

Vocal folds

What is coryza?

Means runny or stuffy nose

What percent of sore throats/ pharyngitis are viral?

90%

What is an important bacterial cause of pharyngitis?

GAS - group A strep

What is Lemierre's syndrome?

Fusobacterium necrophorim Lemierre's syndrome refers to infectious thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein. It most often develops as a complication of a bacterial sore throat infection in young, otherwise healthy adults. The thrombophlebitis is a serious condition and may lead to further systemic complications such as bacteria in the blood or septic emboli.

What is Lemierre;s syndrome?

Clots in jugular caused by fusobacterium necrophorum

What are some causes of pharnygitis?

**90% viral e.g. coronavirus** **Group A strep pygenes - beta haemolytic** Group B and C strep Diptheria EBV Lemiere's (rare)

What is Lancefield classification for?

Strep Lancefield grouping is a system of classification that classifies catalase -negative Gram-positive cocci based on the carbohydrate composition of bacterial antigens found on their cell walls.

What classification can be used for streptococcus?

Lancefield