Urogenital system I and 2 Flashcards
the kidney parenchymal tissue comes from the ___
metanephric blastema
oligohydramnios
too little fluid inside the uterus (amniotic)
the kidneys aren’t producing urine
bilateral renal agenesis is ____ compatible with life
not
pulmonary hypoplasia
the lungs don’t develop completely because there wasn’t enough fluid
unilateral renal agenesis is ____ compatible with life
still
what causes a unilateral renal agenesis?
abnormality of ureteral bud, not metanephros (kidney parenchyma)
what is the most common fusion anomaly?
horseshoe kidney
multicystic dysplastic kidney
the kidney parenchyma doesn’t form properly and is replaced with irregular cysts, most common cause of abdominal mass in infants
should you operate on a multicystic dysplastic kidney?
no, they tend to involute throughout childhood
antenatal hydronephrosis
dilation of the collecting system of the kidney
ureteropelvic junction obstruction
a relative narrowing of the proximal ureter, impeding drainage
primary vesicoureteral reflux
a congenital, abnormal retrograde flow of urine from bladder to ureter (and kidney in higher grade)
what causes a primary vesicoureteral reflux?
an inadequate length of submucosal ureteric tunnel (doesn’t compress the tunnel, just flows back up)
the difference between a complete and incomplete duplication is that in an incomplete duplication the ureters ____
fuse
ectopic ureter
ureter inserts into the wrong place
ureterocoele
cystic dilation of the terminal ureter due to persistence of Chwalle’s membrane
Weigert Meyer Law
lower pole ureter empties into the bladder superiorly and laterally- associated with reflux.
upper pole ureter empties into the bladder inferiorly and medially- associated with obstruction
posterior urethral valves
an obstructing membrane in the posterior male urethra as a result of abnormal in utero development
hypospadius
abnormally proximal ventral urethral meatus
cryptorchidism
undescended testes
why fix cryptorchidism?
allows surveillance for malignancy
less prone to trauma
may enhance fertility potential
sexual differentiation is bi-potential until ___
6 weeks
in the female, the glans becomes the ___
clitoris
in the female, the scrotal folds become the
labia majora
in the female, the urethra that doesn’t unzip all the way becomes the
labia minora
in females, pseudohermaphroditism is caused by
exogenous androgens in pregnancy
21 hydroxylase deficiency
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
in males, pseudo-hermaphroditism is caused by
disorders of testosterone synthesis
androgen receptor insensitivity
5-alpha reductase deficiency
ovotestes
have both testicular tissue with seminiferous tubules and ovarian tissue with follicles
mixed gonadal dysgenesis
mosaic
undescended testicles
streak gonad contralaterally
some Mullein duct remnants
incomplete virilization
Wilm’s Tumor
- a malignant childhood renal tumor arising from renal blastema containing various stages of normal renal development histologically
- most common solid abdominal tumor of childhood
Wilm’s tumor is associated with:
cryptorchidism
renal anomalies
hemi-hypertrophy
aniridia
hypospadias
Which cells make testosterone?
Leydig cells of the testes
5 alpha-reductase
converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
In the presence of testosterone from leydig cells, mesonephric/wolffian duct becomes what?
Ductus deferens
epididymis
seminal vesicle
What causes degeneration of paramesonephric duct?
paramesonephric = mullerian
caused by Mullerian inhibiting substance secreted from sertoli cells
PGC’s give rise to these cells in males: ____
these in females: ____
spermatogonia (M)
oogonia (F)
Genital ridges give rise to these in males _____
these in females____
Males: leydig, sertoli, peritubular myoid cells
Females: Theca, Folicular granulosa cells, –
mesonephros give rise to ___ in males
___ in females
Males: sertoli, leydig, R_ete testes_, vascular endothelial cells
Females: folicular granulosa, theca, Rete ovaries, —
Which indifferent structure gives rise to seminiferous tubules (sertoli cells)? What is the female homolog?
Sex cords –> Semineferous tubules
–> folicular ( granulosa) cells
Mesonephric duct differentiates into ___ in males and ___ in females
Male: appendix of epididymis, epididymal duct, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, seminal vesicles
Female: appendic of ovaries, gaertner’s duct
round ligament of ovaries homologous to ___
gubernaculum testes
paramesonephric gives rise to ___ in male, ___ in female
Male: appendix of testes, prostate uticle
Female: uterine tube, uterus, upper vagina
Lower part of urogenital sinus (difinative) gives rise to ___ in male, ___ in female
male: penile urethra, bulbourethral glands
female: lower vagina, vaginal vestibule
early/upper part of urogenital sinus gives rise to ___ in male, ___ in female
male: urinary bladder, prostatic urethra, prostate gland
female: urinary bladder, urethra, glands of skene
Genital tubercle, folds and swellings give rise to these homologous structures
- genital tubercle = Penis—-clitoris
- genital folds = floor of penile urethra—labia minora
- genital swellings = scrotum—-labia majora
