Urogenital system I and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

the kidney parenchymal tissue comes from the ___

A

metanephric blastema

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2
Q

oligohydramnios

A

too little fluid inside the uterus (amniotic)

the kidneys aren’t producing urine

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3
Q

bilateral renal agenesis is ____ compatible with life

A

not

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4
Q

pulmonary hypoplasia

A

the lungs don’t develop completely because there wasn’t enough fluid

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5
Q

unilateral renal agenesis is ____ compatible with life

A

still

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6
Q

what causes a unilateral renal agenesis?

A

abnormality of ureteral bud, not metanephros (kidney parenchyma)

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7
Q

what is the most common fusion anomaly?

A

horseshoe kidney

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8
Q

multicystic dysplastic kidney

A

the kidney parenchyma doesn’t form properly and is replaced with irregular cysts, most common cause of abdominal mass in infants

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9
Q

should you operate on a multicystic dysplastic kidney?

A

no, they tend to involute throughout childhood

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10
Q

antenatal hydronephrosis

A

dilation of the collecting system of the kidney

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11
Q

ureteropelvic junction obstruction

A

a relative narrowing of the proximal ureter, impeding drainage

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12
Q

primary vesicoureteral reflux

A

a congenital, abnormal retrograde flow of urine from bladder to ureter (and kidney in higher grade)

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13
Q

what causes a primary vesicoureteral reflux?

A

an inadequate length of submucosal ureteric tunnel (doesn’t compress the tunnel, just flows back up)

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14
Q

the difference between a complete and incomplete duplication is that in an incomplete duplication the ureters ____

A

fuse

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15
Q

ectopic ureter

A

ureter inserts into the wrong place

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16
Q

ureterocoele

A

cystic dilation of the terminal ureter due to persistence of Chwalle’s membrane

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17
Q

Weigert Meyer Law

A

lower pole ureter empties into the bladder superiorly and laterally- associated with reflux.

upper pole ureter empties into the bladder inferiorly and medially- associated with obstruction

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18
Q

posterior urethral valves

A

an obstructing membrane in the posterior male urethra as a result of abnormal in utero development

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19
Q

hypospadius

A

abnormally proximal ventral urethral meatus

20
Q

cryptorchidism

A

undescended testes

21
Q

why fix cryptorchidism?

A

allows surveillance for malignancy

less prone to trauma

may enhance fertility potential

22
Q

sexual differentiation is bi-potential until ___

23
Q

in the female, the glans becomes the ___

24
Q

in the female, the scrotal folds become the

A

labia majora

25
in the female, the urethra that doesn't unzip all the way becomes the
labia minora
26
in females, pseudohermaphroditism is caused by
exogenous androgens in pregnancy 21 hydroxylase deficiency congenital adrenal hyperplasia
27
in males, pseudo-hermaphroditism is caused by
disorders of testosterone synthesis androgen receptor insensitivity 5-alpha reductase deficiency
28
ovotestes
have both testicular tissue with seminiferous tubules and ovarian tissue with follicles
29
mixed gonadal dysgenesis
mosaic undescended testicles streak gonad contralaterally some Mullein duct remnants incomplete virilization
30
Wilm's Tumor
* a malignant childhood renal tumor arising from _renal blastema_ containing various stages of normal renal development histologically * most common solid abdominal tumor of childhood
31
Wilm's tumor is associated with:
cryptorchidism renal anomalies hemi-hypertrophy aniridia hypospadias
32
Which cells make testosterone?
Leydig cells of the testes
33
5 alpha-reductase
converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
34
In the presence of testosterone from leydig cells, mesonephric/wolffian duct becomes what?
Ductus deferens epididymis seminal vesicle
35
What causes degeneration of paramesonephric duct?
paramesonephric = mullerian caused by Mullerian inhibiting substance secreted from sertoli cells
36
PGC's give rise to these cells in males: \_\_\_\_ these in females: \_\_\_\_
spermatogonia (M) oogonia (F)
37
Genital ridges give rise to these in males \_\_\_\_\_ these in females\_\_\_\_
_Males_: *leydig*, _sertoli_, peritubular myoid cells _Females_: *Theca*, _Folicular granulosa cells_, --
38
mesonephros give rise to ___ in males \_\_\_ in females
Males: *sertoli*, **leydig**, R_ete testes_, vascular endothelial cells Females: *folicular granulosa*, **theca**, _Rete ovaries_, ---
39
Which indifferent structure gives rise to seminiferous tubules (sertoli cells)? What is the female homolog?
Sex cords --\> Semineferous tubules --\> folicular ( granulosa) cells
40
Mesonephric duct differentiates into ___ in males and ___ in females
Male: appendix of epididymis, epididymal duct, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, seminal vesicles Female: appendic of ovaries, gaertner's duct
41
round ligament of ovaries homologous to \_\_\_
gubernaculum testes
42
paramesonephric gives rise to ___ in male, ___ in female
Male: appendix of testes, prostate uticle Female: uterine tube, uterus, upper vagina
43
Lower part of urogenital sinus (difinative) gives rise to ___ in male, ___ in female
male: penile urethra, bulbourethral glands female: lower vagina, vaginal vestibule
44
early/upper part of urogenital sinus gives rise to ___ in male, ___ in female
male: urinary bladder, prostatic urethra, prostate gland female: urinary bladder, urethra, glands of skene
45
Genital tubercle, folds and swellings give rise to these homologous structures
* genital tubercle = Penis----clitoris * genital folds = floor of penile urethra---labia *minora* * genital swellings = scrotum----labia _majora_