Urogenital system I and 2

Question 1

the kidney parenchymal tissue comes from the ___

Answer 1

metanephric blastema

Question 2

oligohydramnios

Answer 2

too little fluid inside the uterus (amniotic)

the kidneys aren’t producing urine

Question 3

bilateral renal agenesis is ____ compatible with life

Answer 3

not

Question 4

pulmonary hypoplasia

Answer 4

the lungs don’t develop completely because there wasn’t enough fluid

Question 5

unilateral renal agenesis is ____ compatible with life

Answer 5

still

Question 6

what causes a unilateral renal agenesis?

Answer 6

abnormality of ureteral bud, not metanephros (kidney parenchyma)

Question 7

what is the most common fusion anomaly?

Answer 7

horseshoe kidney

Question 8

multicystic dysplastic kidney

Answer 8

the kidney parenchyma doesn’t form properly and is replaced with irregular cysts, most common cause of abdominal mass in infants

Question 9

should you operate on a multicystic dysplastic kidney?

Answer 9

no, they tend to involute throughout childhood

Question 10

antenatal hydronephrosis

Answer 10

dilation of the collecting system of the kidney

Question 11

ureteropelvic junction obstruction

Answer 11

a relative narrowing of the proximal ureter, impeding drainage

Question 12

primary vesicoureteral reflux

Answer 12

a congenital, abnormal retrograde flow of urine from bladder to ureter (and kidney in higher grade)

Question 13

what causes a primary vesicoureteral reflux?

Answer 13

an inadequate length of submucosal ureteric tunnel (doesn’t compress the tunnel, just flows back up)

Question 14

the difference between a complete and incomplete duplication is that in an incomplete duplication the ureters ____

Answer 14

fuse

Question 15

ectopic ureter

Answer 15

ureter inserts into the wrong place

Question 16

ureterocoele

Answer 16

cystic dilation of the terminal ureter due to persistence of Chwalle’s membrane

Question 17

Weigert Meyer Law

Answer 17

lower pole ureter empties into the bladder superiorly and laterally- associated with reflux.

upper pole ureter empties into the bladder inferiorly and medially- associated with obstruction

Question 18

posterior urethral valves

Answer 18

an obstructing membrane in the posterior male urethra as a result of abnormal in utero development

Question 19

hypospadius

Answer 19

abnormally proximal ventral urethral meatus

Question 20

cryptorchidism

Answer 20

undescended testes

Question 21

why fix cryptorchidism?

Answer 21

allows surveillance for malignancy

less prone to trauma

may enhance fertility potential

Question 22

sexual differentiation is bi-potential until ___

Answer 22

6 weeks

Question 23

in the female, the glans becomes the ___

Answer 23

clitoris

Question 24

in the female, the scrotal folds become the

Answer 24

labia majora

Question 25

in the female, the urethra that doesn’t unzip all the way becomes the

Answer 25

labia minora

Question 26

in females, pseudohermaphroditism is caused by

Answer 26

exogenous androgens in pregnancy

21 hydroxylase deficiency

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Question 27

in males, pseudo-hermaphroditism is caused by

Answer 27

disorders of testosterone synthesis

androgen receptor insensitivity

5-alpha reductase deficiency

Question 28

ovotestes

Answer 28

have both testicular tissue with seminiferous tubules and ovarian tissue with follicles

Question 29

mixed gonadal dysgenesis

Answer 29

mosaic

undescended testicles

streak gonad contralaterally

some Mullein duct remnants

incomplete virilization

Question 30

Wilm’s Tumor

Answer 30

• a malignant childhood renal tumor arising from renal blastema containing various stages of normal renal development histologically
• most common solid abdominal tumor of childhood

Question 31

Wilm’s tumor is associated with:

Answer 31

cryptorchidism

renal anomalies

hemi-hypertrophy

aniridia

hypospadias

Question 32

Which cells make testosterone?

Answer 32

Leydig cells of the testes

Question 33

5 alpha-reductase

Answer 33

converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

Question 34

In the presence of testosterone from leydig cells, mesonephric/wolffian duct becomes what?

Answer 34

Ductus deferens

epididymis

seminal vesicle

Question 35

What causes degeneration of paramesonephric duct?

Answer 35

paramesonephric = mullerian

caused by Mullerian inhibiting substance secreted from sertoli cells

Question 36

PGC’s give rise to these cells in males: ____

these in females: ____

Answer 36

spermatogonia (M)

oogonia (F)

Question 37

Genital ridges give rise to these in males _____

these in females____

Answer 37

Males: leydig, sertoli, peritubular myoid cells

Females: Theca, Folicular granulosa cells, –

Question 38

mesonephros give rise to ___ in males

___ in females

Answer 38

Males: sertoli, leydig, R_ete testes_, vascular endothelial cells

Females: folicular granulosa, theca, Rete ovaries, —

Question 39

Which indifferent structure gives rise to seminiferous tubules (sertoli cells)? What is the female homolog?

Answer 39

Sex cords –> Semineferous tubules

–> folicular ( granulosa) cells

Question 40

Mesonephric duct differentiates into ___ in males and ___ in females

Answer 40

Male: appendix of epididymis, epididymal duct, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, seminal vesicles

Female: appendic of ovaries, gaertner’s duct

Question 41

round ligament of ovaries homologous to ___

Answer 41

gubernaculum testes

Question 42

paramesonephric gives rise to ___ in male, ___ in female

Answer 42

Male: appendix of testes, prostate uticle

Female: uterine tube, uterus, upper vagina

Question 43

Lower part of urogenital sinus (difinative) gives rise to ___ in male, ___ in female

Answer 43

male: penile urethra, bulbourethral glands
female: lower vagina, vaginal vestibule

Question 44

early/upper part of urogenital sinus gives rise to ___ in male, ___ in female

Answer 44

male: urinary bladder, prostatic urethra, prostate gland
female: urinary bladder, urethra, glands of skene

Question 45

Genital tubercle, folds and swellings give rise to these homologous structures

Answer 45

• genital tubercle = Penis—-clitoris
• genital folds = floor of penile urethra—labia minora
• genital swellings = scrotum—-labia majora