SDR MA Flashcards by Laila Sultana

Testicular capsule consists of

Visceral tunica vaginalis (mesothelial)
Tunica albuginea (collagen)
Tunica vasculosa (support for vasculature)

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Human Legdig cells contain what structures?

crystals of Reinke

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How many lobules are in the testes?

How many tubules in each lobule?

250

1-4

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tubules

join at both ends with the rete testis
surrounded by tunica propria boundary tissue
basement membrane of basal lamina and lamina reticularis
seminiferous epithelium composed of germ cells and Sertoli cells
complex stratified epithelium
transitional zone/terminal segment of only Sertoli

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spermatogenesis

speratozoa from diploid spermatogonia to haploid spermatozoa

2n -> 2n -> 4n -> meiotic phrophase with chromatin rearrangment -> 2n -> 1n

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Sertoli cells

base of seminiferous tubules to its lumen
dipoid and non-dividing
lobulated nucleus and indented nuclear membrane
sustentacular (supportive)
Tight junctions between them
regulates product transport at blood testis barrier

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stages of chromatin rearrangement in meiotic prophase of spermatocytes

leptotene zygotene pachytene diplotein

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Spermoienesis

spermatids -> spermatozoa

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Sertoli cell only syndrom

cause of infertility
caused by aspermatogenesis - absense of germ cells
Also happens with Irradiation

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What happens due to incomplete cytokinesis

germ cells of the same generation are connected by cytoplasmic brudges and develop synchronously

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Orchitis

inflammation of the testis - mumps

raise pressure in testis leading to atrophy of the seminiferous tubules and eventually sterility

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Testicular cancers

almost always malignant

chemo works in 90% of cases

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Intratesticular exurrent ducts

tubulus rectus
rete testis
first part of the ductuli efferents

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tubulus rectus

cuboidal epithelium

covered by very short microvilli and some flagellum

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Rete testis

in the mediastinum
cuboidal epithelium
short microvilli some flagellum
dense connective tissue for vasculature

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Ductuli Efferentes

10-20 extra-testicular
lined by simple columnar
with principal cells with microvilli
and cilicated cells with celia

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Principal cells of the ductuli efferent

reabsorb fluid
concentration of sperm
highly vascularized to help reabsorption

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Ciliated cells

move sperm thru the ducts

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3 mechanisms of moving sperm thru ductuli efferentes

hydrostatic pressure from testis
beating of cilia
peristaltic contraction of periductal smooth muscle cells

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ductuli efferents are derived from

embryological mesonephric tubules (hence fluid reabsorption)

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Cauda epididymis

periductal muscle layer

stores sperm

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ductus epididymidis derives from

mesoneprhic duct

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Infection of the epididymis

caused by gonococcal or nonspecific infection following retrograde spreading from the urethra

ampulla

when vas deferense folds increase in height and become branched at the distal end
behind the bladder when it joins the seminal vesicle to form the jeaculatory duct that enters the prostatic urethra
mix sperm with secretion from accessory organs

vas deferense

continuous with epididymidis tail condiut from storage to the rest of male accessory glands lined by pseudostratified columnar epith w/ stereocilia longitudinal folds

vas deferense 3 layers of smooth muscle

inner middle outer adventitia

seminal vesicles

join the ampulla to join the ejactulary duct pseudostratified/simple columnar epithelium secretory gland

lamina propria of seminal vesicles has

elastic fibers, SM, loose connective tissue

seminal vesicle secretions contain

prostaglandins vitamin C fructose

prostate 3 branched glands

main gands submucosal mucosal

how many branched tubulo-alveolar glands empty into the urethra?

prostate

glandular epithelium = pseudostratified simple columnar | fibromuscular stroma aids discharge

prostatic fluid

30% of ejaculate volume proteolytic enzymes, zinc, citric acid, acid phosphatase, PSA Corpora amylecea = older men concretions - obstruct the lumen

bulbo-urethral/Cowpers glands

either side of urethra as it enters the penis base enclosed with thin SM secrete sialoglycoprotein (mucin) that lubricate the penile urethra prior to ejaculation there is also skeletal muscle

prostatic urethra lined by

transitional epithelium

membranous and pnile urethra epithelium

stratified or pseudostratified columnar

urethral infections can go to

bladder seminal vesicles epididymis

medulla of ovary contains

blood vessels and connective tissue

primordial follicles are arrested in _____

meiotic Prophase I

secondary follicles are arrested in ____

meiotic phrophase II due to inhibitory effect of oocyte meiosis inhibitor (OMI)

What does the LH surge do to the oocyte?

overrides OMI | and arrests oocyte at metaphase II

Secondary oocytes have

diferentiated theca interna and externa

teriary follicle oocyte connected to ranulsa cells by

pedicle of granulosa cells continuous with the cumulus oophorus inner layer of corona radiata

what degenerates corpus luteum to albicans?

autolysis and phagocytosis by macrophages

most prominent atresia of follicles during

pregnancy and just after birth

Majority of ovarian tumors in

germinal epithelium which happens to have no germinal cells in it

ovum moved by

peristaltic contractions of the muscularis and beating cilia

transudation

keeps ovum suspended in a visccous ovidctual fluid from the surrounding vasculature - secretion simulated by Estr; stopped by Prog

uterus endometrium epithelium

simple tubular glands that can go into myometrium simple columnar ciliated and secretory

Shortened luteal phase can cause

infertility

Dating of endometrium used to

assess the function of the ovary so the hypothalamus and pituitary in cases of infertility

cervix epithelium

simple columnar folded into crypts NOT GLANDS secretes aqueous fluid in ovulation viscous fluid in pregnancy

Vagina

stratified sqamous non-keratinized epithelium

labia minora epithelium

keratinized stratified squamous | devoid of sepaceous glands and adipose

3 layers of the vagina

mucosa muscular - w/ rugae of SM adventitia