Endocrinology of the Ovary and Female Reproductive Tract II

Question 0

inhibin inhibits ___

Answer 0

FSH

Question 1

inhibin can be produced by both the ___ and the ___

Answer 1

granulosa, corpus luteum cells

Question 2

what are the effects of progesterone and estradiol on the female reproductive tract?

Answer 2

1. increases the growth and thickness of the vaginal epithelium
2. causes water retention by stimulating angiotensin in the liver
3. causes a thinning of the cervical mucous by increasing the water content
4. estrogen increases the thickness of the endometrium and the myometrium of the uterus
5. estrogen stimulates uterine contractions
6. progesterone acts at the hypothalamus to cause a rise in the basal body temperature

Question 3

progesterone causes a ___ of the cervical mucus

Answer 3

thickening

Question 4

progesterone ____ the effects of estrogen on the lining of the uterus and uterine contractions

Answer 4

antagonizes

Question 5

during the luteal phase, the progesterone acts on the endometrial tissue to cause a ____ of the uterine glands, as well as growth of the ___

Answer 5

tortuousity (increased growth and branching)

spiral arteries

Question 6

with the withdrawal of estrogen and progesterone at the end of the luteal phase, causes the spiral arteries to ___, leading to a ___ and ___

Answer 6

retract, anoxia and necrosis

Question 7

the blood flow in menstruation is there to:

Answer 7

wash out the necrotic tissue

Question 8

in PCOS there is a high output of ____

Answer 8

ovarian androgens

Question 9

high levels of androgens can be due to high levels of ___ acting on the ___

Answer 9

insulin, theca cells

Question 10

adipose cells take up excess androgen (usually androstenedione) and converts it into ____ via ___

Answer 10

estrone, aromatase

Question 11

the effects of estrone:

Answer 11

disrupts the normal secretory balance of FSH and LH- high LH and low FSH

Question 12

high LH stimulates the ____

Answer 12

theca cells

Question 13

low FSH means that:

Answer 13

you can’t convert the extra androgens into estradiol, you don’t get the mid cycle surge of LH

Question 14

in PCOS, the cysts are ___

Answer 14

follicular

Question 15

cysts in PCOS arise because:

Answer 15

the secondary follicles aren’t able to make it to the ovulatory follicle stage (no LH surge)
also, the androgens make the capsule around the artery thicker

Question 16

clomid (clomiphene)

Answer 16

an estrone antagonist

Question 17

wedge resection

Answer 17

removes the physical barrier, removes some of the excess androgen

Question 18

in a prepubertal child, GABA is ___ and glutamate is ___. This serves to ___ GnRH

Answer 18

high, low

decrease

Question 19

in puberty, GABA __ and glutamate ___. This serves to ___ GnRH

Answer 19

decreases, increases

increase

Question 20

resetting the gonadostat

Answer 20

the estrogen and progesterone catch up to higher levels of LH and FSH, feedback is desensitized so that everything is operating at a greater concentration

Question 21

precocious puberty

Answer 21

a premature activation of the secretion of LH and FSH by the pituitary- tumor, trauma, neurons are screwed up

Question 22

how is precocious puberty treated?

Answer 22

administer very powerful GnRH analogues, resets the gonadostat

Question 23

why is there an elevation of gonadotropins in menopause?

Answer 23

negative feedback is impaired, lower levels of estrogen and progesterone, fewer viable follicles are developing

Question 24

hormonal birth control works by:

Answer 24

providing a continuous negative feedback signal to the hypothalamic pituitary unit, so that you don’t get a mid-cycle surge of LH

Question 25

hormonal abortions work by:

Answer 25

blocking progesterone, makes the uterus contract to expel the developing zygote