Endocrinology of the Ovary and Female Reproductive Tract II Flashcards
inhibin inhibits ___
FSH
inhibin can be produced by both the ___ and the ___
granulosa, corpus luteum cells
what are the effects of progesterone and estradiol on the female reproductive tract?
- increases the growth and thickness of the vaginal epithelium
- causes water retention by stimulating angiotensin in the liver
- causes a thinning of the cervical mucous by increasing the water content
- estrogen increases the thickness of the endometrium and the myometrium of the uterus
- estrogen stimulates uterine contractions
- progesterone acts at the hypothalamus to cause a rise in the basal body temperature
progesterone causes a ___ of the cervical mucus
thickening
progesterone ____ the effects of estrogen on the lining of the uterus and uterine contractions
antagonizes
during the luteal phase, the progesterone acts on the endometrial tissue to cause a ____ of the uterine glands, as well as growth of the ___
tortuousity (increased growth and branching)
spiral arteries
with the withdrawal of estrogen and progesterone at the end of the luteal phase, causes the spiral arteries to ___, leading to a ___ and ___
retract, anoxia and necrosis
the blood flow in menstruation is there to:
wash out the necrotic tissue
in PCOS there is a high output of ____
ovarian androgens
high levels of androgens can be due to high levels of ___ acting on the ___
insulin, theca cells
adipose cells take up excess androgen (usually androstenedione) and converts it into ____ via ___
estrone, aromatase
the effects of estrone:
disrupts the normal secretory balance of FSH and LH- high LH and low FSH
high LH stimulates the ____
theca cells
low FSH means that:
you can’t convert the extra androgens into estradiol, you don’t get the mid cycle surge of LH
in PCOS, the cysts are ___
follicular
cysts in PCOS arise because:
the secondary follicles aren’t able to make it to the ovulatory follicle stage (no LH surge)
also, the androgens make the capsule around the artery thicker
clomid (clomiphene)
an estrone antagonist
wedge resection
removes the physical barrier, removes some of the excess androgen
in a prepubertal child, GABA is ___ and glutamate is ___. This serves to ___ GnRH
high, low
decrease
in puberty, GABA __ and glutamate ___. This serves to ___ GnRH
decreases, increases
increase
resetting the gonadostat
the estrogen and progesterone catch up to higher levels of LH and FSH, feedback is desensitized so that everything is operating at a greater concentration
precocious puberty
a premature activation of the secretion of LH and FSH by the pituitary- tumor, trauma, neurons are screwed up
how is precocious puberty treated?
administer very powerful GnRH analogues, resets the gonadostat
why is there an elevation of gonadotropins in menopause?
negative feedback is impaired, lower levels of estrogen and progesterone, fewer viable follicles are developing
hormonal birth control works by:
providing a continuous negative feedback signal to the hypothalamic pituitary unit, so that you don’t get a mid-cycle surge of LH
hormonal abortions work by:
blocking progesterone, makes the uterus contract to expel the developing zygote
