Urogenital System Flashcards
oligohydramnios
too little fluid inside the uterus, the kidneys aren’t producing urine
the kidney parenchymal tissue comes from the ___
metanephric blastema
bilateral renal agenesis is ____ compatible with life
not
pulmonary hypoplasia
the lungs don’t develop completely because there wasn’t enough fluid
unilateral renal agenesis is ____ compatible with life
still
what causes a unilateral renal agenesis?
abnormality of ureteral bud, not metanephros (kidney parenchyma)
what is the most common fusion anomaly?
horseshoe kidney
multicystic dysplastic kidney
the kidney parenchyma doesn’t form properly and is replaced with irregular cysts, most common cause of abdominal mass in infants
should you operate on a multicystic dysplastic kidney?
no, they tend to involute throughout childhood
antenatal hydronephrosis
dilation of the collecting system of the kidney
ureteropelvic junction obstruction
a relative narrowing of the proximal ureter, impeding drainage
primary vesicoureteral reflux
a congenital, abnormal retrograde flow of urine from bladder to ureter (and kidney in higher grade)
what causes a primary vesicoureteral reflux?
an inadequate length of submucosal ureteric tunnel (doesn’t compress the tunnel, just flows back up)
the difference between a complete and incomplete duplication is that in an incomplete duplication the ureters ____
fuse
ectopic ureter
ureter inserts into the wrong place
ureterocoele
cystic dilation of the terminal ureter due to persistence of Chwalle’s membrane
Weigert Meyer Law
lower pole ureter empties into the bladder superiorly and laterally- associated with reflux
upper pole ureter empties into the bladder inferiorly and medially- associated with obstruction
posterior urethral valves
an obstructing membrane in the posterior male urethra as a result of abnormal in utero development
hypospadius
abnormally proximal ventral urethral meatus
cryptorchidism
undescended testes
why fix cryptorchidism?
allows surveillance for malignancy
less prone to trauma
may enhance fertility potential
sexual differentiation is bi-potential until ___
6 weeks
in the female, the glans becomes the ___
clitoris
in the female, the scrotal folds become the
labia majora
in the female, the urethra that doesn’t unzip all the way becomes the
labia minora
in females, pseudohermaphroditism is caused by
exogenous androgens in pregnancy
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
-21 hydroxylase deficiency
in males, pseudohermaphroditism is caused by
disorders of testosterone synthesis
5-alpha reductase deficiency
androgen receptor insensitivity
ovotestes
have both testicular tissue with seminiferous tubules and ovarian tissue with follicles
mixed gonadal dysgenesis
mosaic, undescended testicles, streak gonad contralaterally, some Mullein duct remnants, incomplete virilization
Wilm’s Tumor
a malignant childhood renal tumor arising from renal blastema containing various stages of normal renal development histologically
most common solid abdominal tumor of childhood
Wilm’s tumor is associated with:
cryptorchidism, renal anomalies, hemi-hypertrophy, aniridia, hypospadias
