Urogenital System

Question 0

oligohydramnios

Answer 0

too little fluid inside the uterus, the kidneys aren’t producing urine

Question 1

the kidney parenchymal tissue comes from the ___

Answer 1

metanephric blastema

Question 2

bilateral renal agenesis is ____ compatible with life

Answer 2

not

Question 3

pulmonary hypoplasia

Answer 3

the lungs don’t develop completely because there wasn’t enough fluid

Question 4

unilateral renal agenesis is ____ compatible with life

Answer 4

still

Question 5

what causes a unilateral renal agenesis?

Answer 5

abnormality of ureteral bud, not metanephros (kidney parenchyma)

Question 6

what is the most common fusion anomaly?

Answer 6

horseshoe kidney

Question 7

multicystic dysplastic kidney

Answer 7

the kidney parenchyma doesn’t form properly and is replaced with irregular cysts, most common cause of abdominal mass in infants

Question 8

should you operate on a multicystic dysplastic kidney?

Answer 8

no, they tend to involute throughout childhood

Question 9

antenatal hydronephrosis

Answer 9

dilation of the collecting system of the kidney

Question 10

ureteropelvic junction obstruction

Answer 10

a relative narrowing of the proximal ureter, impeding drainage

Question 11

primary vesicoureteral reflux

Answer 11

a congenital, abnormal retrograde flow of urine from bladder to ureter (and kidney in higher grade)

Question 12

what causes a primary vesicoureteral reflux?

Answer 12

an inadequate length of submucosal ureteric tunnel (doesn’t compress the tunnel, just flows back up)

Question 13

the difference between a complete and incomplete duplication is that in an incomplete duplication the ureters ____

Answer 13

fuse

Question 14

ectopic ureter

Answer 14

ureter inserts into the wrong place

Question 15

ureterocoele

Answer 15

cystic dilation of the terminal ureter due to persistence of Chwalle’s membrane

Question 16

Weigert Meyer Law

Answer 16

lower pole ureter empties into the bladder superiorly and laterally- associated with reflux
upper pole ureter empties into the bladder inferiorly and medially- associated with obstruction

Question 17

posterior urethral valves

Answer 17

an obstructing membrane in the posterior male urethra as a result of abnormal in utero development

Question 18

hypospadius

Answer 18

abnormally proximal ventral urethral meatus

Question 19

cryptorchidism

Answer 19

undescended testes

Question 20

why fix cryptorchidism?

Answer 20

allows surveillance for malignancy
less prone to trauma
may enhance fertility potential

Question 21

sexual differentiation is bi-potential until ___

Answer 21

6 weeks

Question 22

in the female, the glans becomes the ___

Answer 22

clitoris

Question 23

in the female, the scrotal folds become the

Answer 23

labia majora

Question 24

in the female, the urethra that doesn’t unzip all the way becomes the

Answer 24

labia minora

Question 25

in females, pseudohermaphroditism is caused by

Answer 25

exogenous androgens in pregnancy
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
-21 hydroxylase deficiency

Question 26

in males, pseudohermaphroditism is caused by

Answer 26

disorders of testosterone synthesis
5-alpha reductase deficiency
androgen receptor insensitivity

Question 27

ovotestes

Answer 27

have both testicular tissue with seminiferous tubules and ovarian tissue with follicles

Question 28

mixed gonadal dysgenesis

Answer 28

mosaic, undescended testicles, streak gonad contralaterally, some Mullein duct remnants, incomplete virilization

Question 29

Wilm’s Tumor

Answer 29

a malignant childhood renal tumor arising from renal blastema containing various stages of normal renal development histologically
most common solid abdominal tumor of childhood

Question 30

Wilm’s tumor is associated with:

Answer 30

cryptorchidism, renal anomalies, hemi-hypertrophy, aniridia, hypospadias