Placental and Fetal Membrane Flashcards
what is the precursor to the chorionic cavity?
extraembryonic reticulum
mom’s blood fills the _____
intervillous spaces
there are:
___ umbilical vein
___ umbilical artery
1, 2
the ___ is the fetal portion of the placenta
chorion
the ___ are the maternal portion of the placenta
decidual cells
maternal blood is kept separate from the fetal blood by:
cytotrophoblast cells, syncytotrophoblast cells, extra embryonic mesoderm, and the endothelial cells lining each capillary
the chorion ___ will eventually break down and the chorion ___ will become the main workhorse of placental development
laeve, frondosum
decidua capsularis
the region that overlies the chorion laeve
maternal antibodies set up a passive immunity to:
diptheria, smallpox, and measles
maternal antibodies don’t set up a passive immunity to:
chicken pox and whooping cough
what is the placental barrier size cutoff?
100,000 daltons
what gets through the placenta?
- gases
- water, glucose, vitamins, lipids
- hormones
- electrolytes
- maternal antibodies
- drugs and their metabolites
- waste products
what hormones does the placenta produce?
hCG
PlGF
IDO- destroys tryptophans on maternal T cells rendering them inactive as they approach the placenta
Somatomammotropin- gives fetus priority for glucose
the chorionic cavity is overtaken by the ____
amniotic cavity
placental septum allows ___
mom’s blood to come in and bath the chorionic villi
neonatalogists lookout the placenta to asses ___ which can be a sign for ____
the cotyledons, defects i.e. heart
cotyledons are formed by ___
large placental septum that penetrate deeply
the amnion is comprised of ___ and is the ____ fetal membrane
epithelial cells, innermost
the fluid in the amnion is composed of ___
water from the maternal blood that diffuses through the intervillus spaces
the fluid in the amnion bathes the ___
outside and inside of the embryo (lungs, GI tract)
the umbilical cord is derived from the ____
extraembryonic mesoderm
blood vessels undergoing angiogenesis enter the connecting stalk of the umbilical cord around week __
3
within the umbilical chord, the arteries and veins are enmeshed in a proteoglycan-based substance called:
Jelly of Wharton
why are the umbilical veins at 8 weeks so much stronger relative to the arteries?
because the arteries are very small
in vasculogenesis, mesoderm cells begin clustering and differentiating into __
hemangioblasts
hemangioblasts differentiate into ___ and ___. This depends on the relative concentrations of ___
primitive blood cells, endothelial cells lining capillaries
oxygen
in the presence of oxygen, up regulation of ___ and ___ leads to differentiation
VEGF and PLGF
dizygotic twins result when ___
the ovary releases two eggs which are both fertilized by a single sperm
the fusion of chorions in dizygotic twins can result in ___
erythrocyte mosaicism
monozygotic twins result when ___
one egg and one sperm, a population of cells separates during the blastocyst stage
amniotic banding
a tear in the amniotic membrane allows a limb to go out and become constricted. results in developmental deformities
hydramnios or polyhydramnios results from ___ amniotic fluid
too much
oligohydramnios results from ___ amniotic fluid
too little
what causes pre-eclampsia?
sFlt-1 in the bloodstream hijacks PLGF leading to deterioration of existing blood vessels and inhibition of new ones in placenta and other organs such as kidneys, liver, etc.
what is the treatment for pre-eclampsia?
Flood mother with PLGF to compensate
The 3 different types of decidua are derived from what?
all 3 derived from what used to be endometrial tissue
Mom’s portion of placenta is ______.
Child’s portion of the placenta is _____.
decidua basalis (used to be endometrium bf implantation)
chorion frondosum
