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SDR II > STD's 1 > Flashcards

STD's 1 Flashcards

0
Q

___ new cases reported each year in the US

A

20-25 million

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1
Q

___ of all STI’s occur in people 25 yrs or younger

A

2/3

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2
Q

___ of new STI infections occur in teenagers

A

1/4

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3
Q

fomites

A

inanimate objects that can carry STI’s

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4
Q

Trichomoniasis frequency

A

3-7 million cases per year

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5
Q

Trichomoniasis cause

A

protozoan, trichomonas vaginalis

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7
Q

Trichomoniasis treatment

A

oral metronidazole

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7
Q

Trichomoniasis symptoms:

A
  • foamy/yellowish/smelly discharge

- burning/itching/painful urination and intercourse

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8
Q

Trichomoniasis transmission

A

sexual contact and fomites (toilet seats, wet towels with discharge fluids)

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9
Q

Trichomoniasis is picked up on a:

A

pap smear

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10
Q

Trichomoniasis: ____% with no symptoms

A

70%

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11
Q

Chlamydia affects ___ more frequently

A

females

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12
Q

Chlamydia is cause by:

A

bacteria: Chlamydia trachomatis

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13
Q

Chlamydia is treated with:

A

antibiotics

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15
Q

Chlamydia, if left untreated, can affect:

hint triad

A
  • cervix or fallopian tubes
  • prostate, seminal vesicles, epididymis
  • arthritis, conjunctivitis, urethritis (Reiter syndrome)
  • newborns blindness (trachoma)
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15
Q

Gonorrhea is caused by:

A

bacteria: neisseria gonorrhoeae

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16
Q

Gonorrhea cases per year

A

700,000

2nd most common bacterial STI

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17
Q

Gonorrhea primarily infects:

A

lining of urethra, genital tract, pharynx, and rectum

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18
Q

Gonorrhea treatment

A

antibiotics

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19
Q

Gonorrhea, if left untreated

A

can cause sterility

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20
Q

Herpes type __ is in oral lesions

A

1

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21
Q

Herpes type __ is in genital lesions

A

2

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22
Q

HIV affected ___ people worldwide since 1981

A

60 million

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23
Q

over ___ people are estimated to be living with HIV or AIDS

A

38.6

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24
Q

treatments for HIV

A
  • protease inhibitors block HIV protease enzyme from cleaving precursor proteins to form mature virus proteins
  • antivirals inhibit reverse transcriptase
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25
Q

hepatitis B symptoms

A

nausea, vomiting, aches, decreased appetite and eventually jaundice

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26
Q

hepatitis B is caused by:

A

a DNA virus

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27
Q

less than __% of individuals in the US are considered chronic carriers of hepatitis B

A

1, most people clear the infection on their own

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28
Q

__% of chronic carriers of hepatitis B develop cirrhosis and cancer

A

15-25%

29
Q

what likely causes cancer in chronic hepatitis B?

A

the constant inflammation

30
Q

syphilis is caused by:

A

bacteria, Treponema pallidum

31
Q

syphilis progression goes through ___ phases

A

3

32
Q

syphilis is treated with:

A

antibiotics

33
Q

syphilis stage 1

A

chancre sore

34
Q

syphilis stage 2

A

rashes on hands and feet

35
Q

syphilis late

A

heart, CNS damage, blindness, paralysis, and dementia

36
Q

___ is often confused with syphilis

A

chancroid

37
Q

the early region of the HPV genome is involved in:

A

replication and transcription of the genes

38
Q

the late region, L1 and L2 are involved in:

A

the envelope genes

39
Q

___ and ___ are the oncogenes of HPV

A

E6 and E7

40
Q

E6 targets the ___ pathway and turns on ___

A

tumor suppressor, telomerase

41
Q

E7 targets the ___ pathway and activates ___

A

retinoblastoma

replication genes such as c-jun

42
Q

Low risk HPV:

A

6, 11, 42-44

43
Q

High risk HPV:

A

16, 18 and others

44
Q

what makes some forms of HPV high risk?

A

they degrade tumor suppressor pathways

45
Q

most HPV infections happen at ___

A

mucosal sites or on the skin epithelium where there are multiple layers of epithelium

46
Q

the HPV virus has to gain access to the ___ cells

A

basal

47
Q

in all HPV infections, the ___ genes are expressed

A

E6, E7

48
Q

changes, called ____, are pathognomonic for HPV. It appears as ___

A

koilocytosis, a halo around nuclei

50
Q

by 9th grade ___% are becoming sexually active

increases by ____% with every grade until 12th

A

30%

10% inc per grade

51
Q

STI’s increased ___% bw 2010-2011

A

4-18%

52
Q

5 modes of transmission for STDs:

A
  1. Sexual intercourse
  2. Oral-genital contact
  3. Hand-genital contact
  4. Anal intercourse – especially in the gay population
  5. fomites – via clothing or other materials
53
Q

common indications for STDs in both males and females

A
  • Sore bumps/blisters near sex organs OR mouth
  • swelling near genitalia/lymph nodes near genitalia
  • burning during urination/urgency
  • chills, fever, aches
  • swelling/redness in throat
54
Q

common indications for STDs in males only:

A

drip/drainage from penis

55
Q

common indications for STDs in females only:

A
  • bleeding/discharge/odor from vagina
  • burning/itching around vag
  • pain in lower pelvis/deep vagina during sex
56
Q

most common STI ____, infects ____ people

A

human papilloma virus (HPV)

14-20 million people!

57
Q

Trichomoniasis:

females more likely to have _____, males more likely to have ________

A

females – vaginitis

males– urethritis

58
Q

Which infection increases risk for another STI, associated with pre-term delivery and low birthweight?

A

Trichomoniasis

59
Q

Trichomoniasis Diagnosis via:

A

swab and wet mount slide, PCR

60
Q

most common bacterial STI

A

Chlamydia

61
Q

___ can induce significant exudate, requires intracellular environment for growth

A

Chlamydia

62
Q

CDC recommends that these women get tested for chlamydia

A
  • all sexually active women
63
Q

diagnosis of chlymadia

A

culture or PCR

64
Q

Treatment for chlymadia

A

antibiotics: azithromycin, doxycycline, tetracycline, erythromycin, but NOT
penicillin (ineffective)

65
Q

Population high risk for gonorrhea

A

males 20-24 yr

females 15-19 yr

66
Q

Gonorrhea Diagnosis:

A

new triple PCR test for trichomonas, chlamydia, and gonorrhea

67
Q

trachoma

A

eye infection that causes blindness (if newborn is born to mother with chlamydia)

68
Q

STD infection resulting in infertility

A

chlamydia, Gonorrhea

Both can cause scarring and infertility (ovarian tubes blocked)

69
Q

High risk HPVs cause ____% of cervical cancers

A

High risk HPVscause 100% of cervical cancers

70
Q

HPV facts

A

HPV can cause cervical, anal, and skin cancer
4/5 cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed in countries with limited access to PAP smears
Hybrid-Capture II Assay is more sensitive than a PAP smear

71
Q

High risk HPV strains cause cancer by ___ , cause ______% of cervical cancers

A

integrating DNA into host’s DNA

100% of cervical cancers

72
Q

uterine cancer can metastasize to:

A

Para-aortic lymph nodes
Internal iliac lymph nodes
Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

SDR II (42 decks)

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