STD's 1 Flashcards
___ new cases reported each year in the US
20-25 million
___ of all STI’s occur in people 25 yrs or younger
2/3
___ of new STI infections occur in teenagers
1/4
fomites
inanimate objects that can carry STI’s
Trichomoniasis frequency
3-7 million cases per year
Trichomoniasis cause
protozoan, trichomonas vaginalis
Trichomoniasis treatment
oral metronidazole
Trichomoniasis symptoms:
- foamy/yellowish/smelly discharge
- burning/itching/painful urination and intercourse
Trichomoniasis transmission
sexual contact and fomites (toilet seats, wet towels with discharge fluids)
Trichomoniasis is picked up on a:
pap smear
Trichomoniasis: ____% with no symptoms
70%
Chlamydia affects ___ more frequently
females
Chlamydia is cause by:
bacteria: Chlamydia trachomatis
Chlamydia is treated with:
antibiotics
Chlamydia, if left untreated, can affect:
hint triad
- cervix or fallopian tubes
- prostate, seminal vesicles, epididymis
- arthritis, conjunctivitis, urethritis (Reiter syndrome)
- newborns blindness (trachoma)
Gonorrhea is caused by:
bacteria: neisseria gonorrhoeae
Gonorrhea cases per year
700,000
2nd most common bacterial STI
Gonorrhea primarily infects:
lining of urethra, genital tract, pharynx, and rectum
Gonorrhea treatment
antibiotics
Gonorrhea, if left untreated
can cause sterility
Herpes type __ is in oral lesions
1
Herpes type __ is in genital lesions
2
HIV affected ___ people worldwide since 1981
60 million
over ___ people are estimated to be living with HIV or AIDS
38.6
treatments for HIV
- protease inhibitors block HIV protease enzyme from cleaving precursor proteins to form mature virus proteins
- antivirals inhibit reverse transcriptase
hepatitis B symptoms
nausea, vomiting, aches, decreased appetite and eventually jaundice
hepatitis B is caused by:
a DNA virus
less than __% of individuals in the US are considered chronic carriers of hepatitis B
1, most people clear the infection on their own
__% of chronic carriers of hepatitis B develop cirrhosis and cancer
15-25%
what likely causes cancer in chronic hepatitis B?
the constant inflammation
syphilis is caused by:
bacteria, Treponema pallidum
syphilis progression goes through ___ phases
3
syphilis is treated with:
antibiotics
syphilis stage 1
chancre sore
syphilis stage 2
rashes on hands and feet
syphilis late
heart, CNS damage, blindness, paralysis, and dementia
___ is often confused with syphilis
chancroid
the early region of the HPV genome is involved in:
replication and transcription of the genes
the late region, L1 and L2 are involved in:
the envelope genes
___ and ___ are the oncogenes of HPV
E6 and E7
E6 targets the ___ pathway and turns on ___
tumor suppressor, telomerase
E7 targets the ___ pathway and activates ___
retinoblastoma
replication genes such as c-jun
Low risk HPV:
6, 11, 42-44
High risk HPV:
16, 18 and others
what makes some forms of HPV high risk?
they degrade tumor suppressor pathways
most HPV infections happen at ___
mucosal sites or on the skin epithelium where there are multiple layers of epithelium
the HPV virus has to gain access to the ___ cells
basal
in all HPV infections, the ___ genes are expressed
E6, E7
changes, called ____, are pathognomonic for HPV. It appears as ___
koilocytosis, a halo around nuclei
by 9th grade ___% are becoming sexually active
increases by ____% with every grade until 12th
30%
10% inc per grade
STI’s increased ___% bw 2010-2011
4-18%
5 modes of transmission for STDs:
- Sexual intercourse
- Oral-genital contact
- Hand-genital contact
- Anal intercourse – especially in the gay population
- fomites – via clothing or other materials
common indications for STDs in both males and females
- Sore bumps/blisters near sex organs OR mouth
- swelling near genitalia/lymph nodes near genitalia
- burning during urination/urgency
- chills, fever, aches
- swelling/redness in throat
common indications for STDs in males only:
drip/drainage from penis
common indications for STDs in females only:
- bleeding/discharge/odor from vagina
- burning/itching around vag
- pain in lower pelvis/deep vagina during sex
most common STI ____, infects ____ people
human papilloma virus (HPV)
14-20 million people!
Trichomoniasis:
females more likely to have _____, males more likely to have ________
females – vaginitis
males– urethritis
Which infection increases risk for another STI, associated with pre-term delivery and low birthweight?
Trichomoniasis
Trichomoniasis Diagnosis via:
swab and wet mount slide, PCR
most common bacterial STI
Chlamydia
___ can induce significant exudate, requires intracellular environment for growth
Chlamydia
CDC recommends that these women get tested for chlamydia
- all sexually active women
diagnosis of chlymadia
culture or PCR
Treatment for chlymadia
antibiotics: azithromycin, doxycycline, tetracycline, erythromycin, but NOT
penicillin (ineffective)
Population high risk for gonorrhea
males 20-24 yr
females 15-19 yr
Gonorrhea Diagnosis:
new triple PCR test for trichomonas, chlamydia, and gonorrhea
trachoma
eye infection that causes blindness (if newborn is born to mother with chlamydia)
STD infection resulting in infertility
chlamydia, Gonorrhea
Both can cause scarring and infertility (ovarian tubes blocked)
High risk HPVs cause ____% of cervical cancers
High risk HPVscause 100% of cervical cancers
HPV facts
HPV can cause cervical, anal, and skin cancer
4/5 cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed in countries with limited access to PAP smears
Hybrid-Capture II Assay is more sensitive than a PAP smear
High risk HPV strains cause cancer by ___ , cause ______% of cervical cancers
integrating DNA into host’s DNA
100% of cervical cancers
uterine cancer can metastasize to:
Para-aortic lymph nodes
Internal iliac lymph nodes
Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
