STD's 1 Flashcards by Laila Sultana

___ new cases reported each year in the US

20-25 million

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

___ of all STI’s occur in people 25 yrs or younger

2/3

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

___ of new STI infections occur in teenagers

1/4

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

fomites

inanimate objects that can carry STI’s

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Trichomoniasis frequency

3-7 million cases per year

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Trichomoniasis cause

protozoan, trichomonas vaginalis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Trichomoniasis treatment

oral metronidazole

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Trichomoniasis symptoms:

foamy/yellowish/smelly discharge

- burning/itching/painful urination and intercourse

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Trichomoniasis transmission

sexual contact and fomites (toilet seats, wet towels with discharge fluids)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Trichomoniasis is picked up on a:

pap smear

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Trichomoniasis: ____% with no symptoms

70%

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Chlamydia affects ___ more frequently

females

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Chlamydia is cause by:

bacteria: Chlamydia trachomatis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Chlamydia is treated with:

antibiotics

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Chlamydia, if left untreated, can affect:

hint triad

cervix or fallopian tubes
prostate, seminal vesicles, epididymis
arthritis, conjunctivitis, urethritis (Reiter syndrome)
newborns blindness (trachoma)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Gonorrhea is caused by:

bacteria: neisseria gonorrhoeae

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Gonorrhea cases per year

700,000

2nd most common bacterial STI

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Gonorrhea primarily infects:

lining of urethra, genital tract, pharynx, and rectum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Gonorrhea treatment

antibiotics

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Gonorrhea, if left untreated

can cause sterility

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Herpes type __ is in oral lesions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Herpes type __ is in genital lesions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

HIV affected ___ people worldwide since 1981

60 million

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

over ___ people are estimated to be living with HIV or AIDS

38.6

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

treatments for HIV

- protease inhibitors block HIV protease enzyme from cleaving precursor proteins to form mature virus proteins - antivirals inhibit reverse transcriptase

hepatitis B symptoms

nausea, vomiting, aches, decreased appetite and eventually jaundice

hepatitis B is caused by:

a DNA virus

less than __% of individuals in the US are considered chronic carriers of hepatitis B

1, most people clear the infection on their own

__% of chronic carriers of hepatitis B develop cirrhosis and cancer

15-25%

what likely causes cancer in chronic hepatitis B?

the constant inflammation

syphilis is caused by:

bacteria, Treponema pallidum

syphilis progression goes through ___ phases

syphilis is treated with:

antibiotics

syphilis stage 1

chancre sore

syphilis stage 2

rashes on hands and feet

syphilis late

heart, CNS damage, blindness, paralysis, and dementia

___ is often confused with syphilis

chancroid

the early region of the HPV genome is involved in:

replication and transcription of the genes

the late region, L1 and L2 are involved in:

the envelope genes

___ and ___ are the oncogenes of HPV

E6 and E7

E6 targets the ___ pathway and turns on ___

tumor suppressor, telomerase

E7 targets the ___ pathway and activates ___

retinoblastoma | replication genes such as c-jun

Low risk HPV:

6, 11, 42-44

High risk HPV:

16, 18 and others

what makes some forms of HPV high risk?

they degrade tumor suppressor pathways

most HPV infections happen at ___

mucosal sites or on the skin epithelium where there are multiple layers of epithelium

the HPV virus has to gain access to the ___ cells

basal

in all HPV infections, the ___ genes are expressed

E6, E7

changes, called ____, are pathognomonic for HPV. It appears as ___

koilocytosis, a halo around nuclei

by 9th grade ___% are becoming sexually active | increases by ____% with every grade until 12th

30% | 10% inc per grade

STI's increased ___% bw 2010-2011

4-18%

5 modes of transmission for STDs:

1. Sexual intercourse 2. Oral-genital contact 3. Hand-genital contact 4. Anal intercourse – especially in the gay population 5. fomites – via clothing or other materials

common indications for STDs in both males and females

- Sore bumps/blisters near sex organs OR mouth - swelling near genitalia/lymph nodes near genitalia - burning during urination/urgency - chills, fever, aches - swelling/redness in throat

common indications for STDs in males only:

drip/drainage from penis

common indications for STDs in females only:

- bleeding/discharge/odor from vagina - burning/itching around vag - pain in lower pelvis/deep vagina during sex

most common STI ____, infects ____ people

human papilloma virus (HPV) | 14-20 million people!

Trichomoniasis: | females more likely to have _____, males more likely to have ________

females -- vaginitis | males-- urethritis

Which infection increases risk for another STI, associated with pre-term delivery and low birthweight?

Trichomoniasis

Trichomoniasis Diagnosis via:

swab and wet mount slide, PCR

most common bacterial STI

Chlamydia

___ can induce significant exudate, requires intracellular environment for growth

Chlamydia

CDC recommends that these women get tested for chlamydia

- all sexually active women

diagnosis of chlymadia

culture or PCR

Treatment for chlymadia

antibiotics: azithromycin, doxycycline, tetracycline, erythromycin, but NOT penicillin (ineffective)

Population high risk for gonorrhea

males 20-24 yr | females 15-19 yr

Gonorrhea Diagnosis:

new triple PCR test for trichomonas, chlamydia, and gonorrhea

trachoma

eye infection that causes blindness (if newborn is born to mother with chlamydia)

STD infection resulting in infertility

chlamydia, Gonorrhea | Both can cause scarring and infertility (ovarian tubes blocked)

High risk HPVs cause ____% of cervical cancers

High risk HPVscause 100% of cervical cancers

HPV facts

HPV can cause cervical, anal, and skin cancer 4/5 cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed in countries with limited access to PAP smears Hybrid-Capture II Assay is more sensitive than a PAP smear

High risk HPV strains cause cancer by ___ , cause ______% of cervical cancers

integrating DNA into host’s DNA | 100% of cervical cancers

uterine cancer can metastasize to:

Para-aortic lymph nodes Internal iliac lymph nodes Superficial inguinal lymph nodes