Urinary System Flashcards
Kidneys, bladder, ADH, stuff like that
Hilum
medial indentation in the capsule opening into the renal sinus
Capsule
fibrous outer covering of the kidney
Cortex
Outer portion of the kidney
Medulla
Inner portion of the kidney
Renal Papilla
Urine formed by each renal pyramid drains into hollow tubes called the
2314
Put the following in the correct order with respect to drainage flow from the kidneys to the bladder:
1) Renal pelvis
2) Minor calyces
3) Major calyces
4) Ureter
Renal Corpuscle
Red
Renal Tubule
Green
Glomerulus
Capillaries where filtration of blood takes place (vascular component)
Bowman’s Capsule
Collects filtrate from glomerulus, continuous with renal tubules
Cortical Nephron
Part of nephron near the cortical surface containing the short loop of Henle
-Solute and water reabsorption take place here
Juxtamedullary Nephron
Type of nephron containing the long loop of Henle
-Urine dilution or concentration take place here
Vasa Recta
The hairpin loop of peritubular capillaries that surround the long loops of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons
1342
Put the vasculature of the nephron in the correct order
1) Afferent Pathway
2) Peritubular Capillaries
3) Glomerulus Capillaries
4) Efferent Pathway
Filtration
The renal corpuscle is the sight of what?
Reabsorption
The transport of solutes and water FROM renal tubule and back into peritubular capillary is called
Secretion
The transport of solutes FROM peritubular capillaries and into renal tubule.
Renal Corpuscle
The glomerular capillaries (glomerulus) are located inside the
Urinary Excretion
glomerular filtration + tubular secretion - tubular reabsorption
Loop of Henle (Nephron Loop)
Further re-absorption of water and both sodium and chloride takes place where?
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
Area of contact between the distal tubule and its glomerulus
Hotspot for renin production
Juxtaglomerular Cells (Granular Cells)
Specialized smooth muscle cells in wall of AFFERENT ARTERIOLE
- Respond to stretch
- Secrete renin
Macula Densa
Specialized epithelial cells in the DISTAL TUBULE that can sense NaCl load
Increase
Granular (JG) cells respond to stretch in the capillaries of the kidney (Intrarenal baroreceptors). A DECREASE in stretch will cause a(n) (increase/decrease) in renin production?
Decrease
Granular (JG) cells respond to stretch in the capillaries of the kidney (Intrarenal baroreceptors). An INCREASE in stretch will cause a(n) (increase/decrease) in renin production?
Increase
Decreased Sodium Delivery to Macula Densa will cause a(n) (increase/decrease) in renin production?
Podocytes
A cell with branching tentacle-shaped extensions that constitutes the barrier through which blood is filtered in the glomerulus of the kidney.
Pedicels
Teh foot like extensions of the podocyte cells are known as
Renal Corpuscle
The Glomerulus and Bowman’s Capsule make up the
Into
An increase in oncotic pressure favors water flowing (into/out of) the system?
GFR/RBF
The Filtration fraction of blood in the glomerulus is known as _________ and is approximately 20%
GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate)
Volume flow rate at which fluid flows from the plasma in the glomerular capillaries into Bowman’s space
Favors
A high Pgc (Favors/Opposes) filtration.
Opposes
A high Pbs (Favors/Opposes) filtration.
Opposes
A high PiGC (Favors/Opposes) filtration.
Favors
A high PiBC (Favors/Opposes) filtration.
Hydrostatic Force-Oncotic Force
The Puf (net driving force favoring filtration) is composed of the sum of what two forces?
Kf*Puf
GFR (glomerular filtration rate) =
Out of
High Hydrostatic pressure favors water moving (into/out of) the system
Into
Oncotic pressure favors water moving (into/out of) the system
Hydraulic Conductivity*Surface Area
The filtration coefficient is the product of what?
Greater
The filtration coefficient (Kf) of the glomerular capillaries is (greater/less than) systemic capillaries
Increases
Kf (increases/decreases) as the basement membrane deteriorates
Decreases
Kf (increases/decreases) as nephrons are lost
Renal Blood Flow
RBF
Glomerular Filtration Rate
GFR
Afferent arteriole
Renal autoregulation takes place mainly at the what?
Norepinephrine
Sympathetic nervous stimulation releases
Decreases/Decreases
Norepinephrine (increases/decreases) RBF and (increases/decreases) GFR
Increases/Maintains
Renin Angiotensin II (increases/decreases) TPR and (increases/decreases/maintains) GFR
Increases/Increases (vasodilation)
Atrial Naturietic Peptide (increases/decreases) RBF and (increases/decreases) GFR
99
What percentage of water, sodium chloride and bicarbonate are reabsorbed in the kidneys?
100
What percentage of glucose is reabsorbed in the kidney?
Glomerulus
Ultrafiltration takes place in the what?
Peritubular capillaries
In the kidney water and solutes are reabsorbed into the?
Nephron Tubules
In the kidney solutes are secreted into the?
Simple epithelial cells
Walls of the tubules of the nephron are composed of
Tight junctions
Paracellular transport between tubular epithelial cells in the nephron takes place through what?
Proximal Tubule
The greatest percentage of sodium reabsorption occurs in the what?
Increase/interstitium
The overall goal of the loop of Henle is to (increases/decrease) the concentration of NaCl in the what?
Increases
Osmolarity of tubular fluid (increases/decreases) as fluid travels down the thin descending limb
Furosemide(Lasix)/Increasing
The most powerful diuretic used clinically is called what?
It works by inhibiting the Na/K/Cl (increasing/decreasing) the amount of Na+ and water filtered.
Thiazide
In the Distal Convoluted Tubule the Na/Cl cotransporter on the apical membrane is inhibited by what type of diuretic?
Increases
Aldosterone (increases/decreases) the number of Enac channels on principal cells in the DCT
Amiloride
“Potassium Sparing” diuretic that acts by inhibiting Enac channels and reducing Na reabsorbtion/K secretion
Diuresis
Loss of water by excretion of dilute (hypoosmotic) and copious amount of urine. This occurs during periods of excess fluid intake
Plasma osmolarity
The main stimulus for release of ADH is an increase in what?
ADH
BIG drops in blood pressure can stimulate release of what?
1200
Maximal value of osmolarity that can be developed in the innermost medullary interstitium
Increase/K secretion
Aldosterone will (Increase/decrease) reabsorption of sodium by principal calls, which is linked to what?
Hypokalemia
Extremely low potassium levels is called
AVP
ADH is also known as
Detrusor
Smooth muscle of the bladder, innervated by PNS (M3 receptors)
PNS/ACh/M3
The bladder is stimulated to contract by the (SNS/PNS) and the binding of ________ to ________ receptors.
Pudendal
The external urethral sphincter is controlled via what nerve?
Hypogastric/alpha 1
The internal urethral sphincter is controlled via what nerve and hormone (SNS)?
Micturition
Fancy word for urination
Incontinence
involuntary loss of urine
Stress Urinary Incontinence
Loss of urine associated with increases in abdominal pressure. Dysfunctional sphincter
Urge Incontinence
Loss of urine due to bladder instability.
Dysfunctional detrusor muscle
Mixed Incontinence
Loss of urine due to both Stress and Urge. Most common type
Overflow Incontinence
Constant loss of urine due to overdistended bladder. Often associated with blocked outlet
