Urinary System Part B (Final Exam) Flashcards
tubular reabsorption
What is Tubular Reabsorption?
Tubular reabsorption is the process of returning most filtered water and solutes back to the blood by the proximal convoluted tubule
tubular reabsorption
What percentage of filtered water is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?
99% of filtered water is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule during tubular reabsorption.
tubular secretion
What is Tubular Secretion?
Tubular Secretion is the process in which substances are transferred from the blood into the urine that will eventually be eliminated from the body.
tubular secretion
What is the purpose of Tubular Secretion?
The purpose of Tubular Secretion is to help control the pH of the blood and get rid of substances that our body doesn’t need.
passive tubular reabsorption of water
What is passive tubular reabsorption of water?
Passive tubular reabsorption of water is a process in which the kidneys absorb water from the urine back into the bloodstream through tiny pores called aquaporins.
passive tubular reabsorption of water
What are the 2 types of passive tubular reabsorption of water?
1.) obligatory water reabsorption
2.) facultative water reabsorption.
passive tubular reabsorption of water
Where does obligatory water reabsorption occur?
Obligatory water reabsorption occurs in the first part of the kidney called the PCT, where aquaporins are always present and water is always reabsorbed, no matter how hydrated we are.
passive tubular reabsorption of water
Where does facultative water reabsorption occur?
Facultative water reabsorption occurs in the collecting ducts, which are further down the kidney.
passive tubular reabsorption of water
What happens in facultative water reabsorption?
Aquaporins are only inserted into these channels if there is a hormone called ADH present, which happens when we are dehydrated. This allows our kidneys to conserve water by reabsorbing more of it when we need it.
passive tubular reabsorption of solutes
What is passive tubular reabsorption of solutes?
process in the kidney where solute concentration in the filtrate increases as water is reabsorbed, creating a concentration gradient for solutes.
reabsorption of each nephron reigon
what are the 3 nephron reigons?
1.) proximal convoluted tubule
2.) nephron loop
3.) distal convoluted tubule & collecting duct
reabsorption of each nephron reigon
Where does the majority of reabsorption occur in the nephron?
The majority of reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule.
reabsorption of each nephron reigon
What substances are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?
Water and nutrients such as glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.
reabsorption of each nephron region
What are the 2 parts of the nephron loop and what can be reabsorbed in each part?
1.) descending limb
- water can leave (be reabsorbed) but solutes cannot
2.) ascending limb
- water cannot leave (be reabsorbed) but solutes can
reabsorption of each nephron region
What 4 hormones regulate reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct?
1.) ADH
2.) aldosterone
3.) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
4.) parathyroid hormone
reabsorption of each nephron reigon
What is the role of ADH in regulating reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct?
ADH promotes reabsorption of water by inserting aquaporins into the membrane of the collecting ducts, which is called facilitated water reabsorption. It is released when the body needs to retain more water, such as when dehydrated.
reabsorption of each nephron reigon
What is the role of aldosterone in regulating reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct?
Aldosterone promotes reabsorption of sodium in the collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubule. It works by binding to receptors on the cells and increasing the activity of sodium-potassium pumps, which increases sodium reabsorption.
reabsorption of each nephron reigon
What is the role of ANP in regulating reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct?
ANP acts against ADH and aldosterone by suppressing their effects. It inhibits reabsorption of sodium and water, which promotes excretion of these substances in urine.
reabsorption of each nephron reigon
What is the role of parathyroid hormone in regulating reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct?
Parathyroid hormone acts on the distal convoluted tubule to increase reabsorption of calcium.
formation of dilute or concentrated urine
What produces a large volume of dilute urine?
Overhydration produces a large volume of dilute urine.
formation of dilute or concentrated urine
What makes a small volume of concentrated urine?
Dehydration makes a small volume of concentrated urine.
formation of dilute or concentrated urine
What happens to almost all the water in urine when the body is severely dehydrated?
Almost all the water in urine will be reabsorbed back into the body when the body is severely dehydrated because the body needs the water so badly.
why tubular secretion is important
What are 4 reasons why tubular secretion is important?
1.) disposing of substances like drugs
2.) removing undesirable substances that were passively absorbed (urea and uric acid)
3.) removing excess potassium K+
4.) controlling blood pH
detrusor muscle
What is the function of the Detrusor Muscle in the Urinary Bladder?
helps us pee by contracting
flow of urine through urinary system organs
What is the flow of urine through the urinary system organs? (5)
Kidneys —> Ureters —> Bladder –> Urethra –> External Urethral Sphincter
urethra sphincter
What is the Internal Urethra Sphincter?
The Internal Urethra Sphincter has involuntary smooth muscle.
urethra sphincter
What is the External Urethra Sphincter?
The External Urethra Sphincter has voluntary skeletal muscle.
micturition
What is micturition?
Micturition is the process of emptying the bladder by urination or voiding.
micturition
What are the 3 events of micturition?
1.) Contraction of detrusor (muscle in bladder) by ANS
2.) Opening of internal urethral sphincter by ANS
3.) Opening of external urethral sphincter by somatic nervous system.
micturition
Which muscle contracts during micturition?
The detrusor muscle in the bladder contracts during micturition.
micturition
What opens the internal urethral sphincter during micturition?
The internal urethral sphincter is opened by the ANS during micturition.
micturition
What opens the external urethral sphincter during micturition?
The external urethral sphincter is opened by the somatic nervous system during micturition.
urinary incontience
What causes urinary incontinence in adults?
Urinary incontinence in adults is often caused by weakened pelvic muscles.
urine composition
What is the 3 chemical composition of urine?
1.) 95% water and 5% solutes
2.) nitrogenous wastes (urea, uric acid, and creatine)
3.) other normal solutes.
urine composition
What is the physical composition of urine? (5)
The physical composition of urine includes color and transparency (ranging from clear to dark yellow), odor, pH, and specific gravity.
chronic renal disease
What is Chronic Renal Disease?
where the GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate) is less than 60 ml/min for 3 months
chronic renal disease
What happens in Chronic Renal Disease?
causes waste products to build up in the blood, making it more acidic
chronic renal disease
Who are the people most commonly affected by Chronic Renal Disease?
often seen in people with diabetes and high blood pressure
renal failure
What is Renal Failure?
\condition where the GFR is less than 15 ml/min
renal failure
What happens in Renal Failure?
causes a buildup of harmful substances in your body, which can lead to symptoms such as fatigue and nausea
renal failure
What is the treatment for Renal Failure?
hemodialysis, a process of purifying the blood of a person with kidney failure, by passing it through a machine that removes the waste products
