Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A & P II Lecture > Digestive System Part C > Flashcards

Digestive System Part C Flashcards

1
Q

small intestine

what are the 3 regions of the small intestine?

A

1.) duodenum
2.) jejunum
3.) ileum (joins large intestine at ileocecal valve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

small intestine

what is the name of the region of the small intestine that joins the large intestine?

A
  • ileocecal valve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

small intestine absorption

what are the modifications of the small intestine for absorption?

A
  • its length

other structural changes that provide a large surface area for nutrient absorption

  • circular folds
  • villi
  • microvilli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

small intestine absorption

how does the small intestine’s length and other structural modifications provide a huge surface area for nutrient absorption?

A
  • the length and other structural modifications of the small intestine provide a huge surface area for nutrient absorption by increasing the size of the surface area to that of a tennis court
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

small intestine absorption

what are circular folds in the small intestine, and how do they help with absorption?

A
  • permanent folds in the small intestine
  • force chyme to slowly spiral through the lumen, allowing more time for nutrient absorption
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

small intestine absorption

what are villi in the small intestine, and how do they help with absorption?

A
  • finger-like projections of mucosa in the small intestine
  • contain a dense capillary bed and lymphatic capillary - help with absorption by increasing the surface area for nutrient absorption
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

small intestine absorption

what are microvilli in the small intestine, and how do they help with absorption?

A
  • brush border with enzymes used for final carbohydrate and protein digestion
  • help with absorption by increasing the surface area for nutrient absorption
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

MALT

what is MALT?

A

-mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

MALT

what is the function of MALT?

A
  • protects the intestine against microorganisms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

MALT

what are the components of MALT?

A
  • individual lymphoid follicles
  • Peyer’s patches (aggregated lymphoid nodules)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

large intestine

what are the 5 overall functions of the large intestine?

A

1.) complete absorption
2.) reclaim vitamins, water, and electrolytes
3.) no food breakdown occurs except what bacteria digest
4.) produce certain vitamins
5.) form and expel feces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

large intestine

what are the 4 layers of the large intestine?

A

1.) mucosa
2.) submucosa
3.) muscularis
4.) serosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

large intestine

what are the 2 special features in the muscularis externa layer of the large intestine?

A

1.) teniae coli
- modified bands of longitudinal muscle
2.) haustra
- pocketlike sacs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

large intestine subdivisions

what is the order of subdivisions in the large intestine, starting with the cecum and ending with the anus? (7)

A

1.) cecum
2.) ascending colon
3.) transverse colon
4.) descending colon
5.) sigmoid colon
6.) rectum
7.) anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

large intestine

what is the mechanical digestion process that occurs in the large intestine?

A
  • haustral churning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

large intestine

what are the 3 chemical digestion processes that occur in the large intestine?

A

1.) fermentation of carbohydrates
2.) production of some B vitamins and vitamin K by bacteria flora
3.) mucous secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

large intestine

what is the role of bacteria flora in the chemical digestion process in the large intestine?

A
  • to ferment carbohydrates, produce some B vitamins and vitamin K
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

large intestine

what is the result of the chemical digestion process in the large intestine?

A
  • the final stage of digestion through bacterial flora
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

large intestine

what is the function of haustral churning in the large intestine?

A
  • to mix and move the contents of the large intestine through rhythmic contractions of the intestinal wall
20
Q

anal sphincter

what type of control is the internal anal sphincter under compared to the external anal sphincter?

A

internal anal sphincter is
- under involuntary control

external anal sphincter
- under voluntary control

21
Q

diarrhea vs. constipation

what is diarrhea?

A
  • condition characterized by watery stools due to chyme and feces passing too quickly through the small and large intestines
  • unable to absorb enough water and nutrients
22
Q

diarrhea vs. constipation

what is constipation?

A
  • condition where feces remain in the colon for excessive periods of time
  • leading to too much water absorption and resulting in hard and difficult-to-pass stool
23
Q

digestion of carbohydrates

where does the digestion of carbohydrates begin?

A
  • begins in the mouth with salivary amylase
24
Q

digestion of carbohydrates

where does the digestion of carbohydrates continue after the mouth?

A
  • continues in the small intestine with pancreatic amylase
25
Q

digestion of carbohydrates

what are starch and disaccharides broken down to during digestion?

A
  • broken down to oligosaccharides and disaccharides
26
Q

digestion of carbohydrates

what are oligosaccharides and disaccharides further broken down into during digestion?

A
  • further broken down into lactose, maltose, and sucrose
27
Q

digestion of carbohydrates

what is the final breakdown product of carbohydrates during digestion?

A
  • monosaccharides such as glucose, fructose, and galactose
28
Q

digestion of carbohydrates

what is the final form of carbohydrates that is absorbed during digestion?

A
  • only monosaccharides can be absorbed during digestion
  • are absorbed into the bloodstream
29
Q

digestion of proteins

where does the digestion of proteins begin?

A
  • begins in the stomach
30
Q

digestion of proteins

what breaks down proteins into large polypeptides in the stomach?

A
  • proteins are broken down into large polypeptides by pepsin in the stomach
31
Q

digestion of proteins

where does protein digestion continue after the stomach?

A
  • continues in the small intestine
32
Q

digestion of proteins

what breaks down small polypeptides and polypeptides in the small intestine?

A
  • pancreatic enzymes break down small polypeptides and polypeptides in the small intestine
33
Q

digestion of proteins

what breaks down amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides in the small intestine?

A
  • brush border enzymes break down amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides in the small intestine
34
Q

digestion of proteins

what is the final monomer that proteins are absorbed as?

A
  • proteins are absorbed as amino acids.
35
Q

digestion of proteins

where are proteins absorbed into?

A
  • absorbed into the bloodstream
36
Q

digestion of lipids

where does the digestion of lipids begin?

A
  • digestion of lipids begins in the mouth by Lingual Lipase (minor) and
  • in the stomach by Gastric Lipase (minor).
37
Q

digestion of lipids

what is emulsification in the context of lipid digestion?

A
  • process of breaking down large fat globules into smaller droplets
  • allowing for easier digestion and absorption of fats
  • process is accomplished through the use of bile salts
38
Q

digestion of lipids

what are the 5 steps involved in breaking down fat into its monomer form, across the mucosal cell and into the lymphatic lacteal?

A

The steps involved in breaking down fat into its monomer form, across the mucosal cell and into the lymphatic lacteal are:

1.) Emulsification: Bile salts break down fat globules, coat them, and turn them into micelles.
2.) Micelle transport: The micelles cross the plasma membrane of the small intestine lining.
3.) Chylomicron formation: While crossing the membrane, lipids are converted back to triglycerides and packaged into chylomicrons.
4.) Chylomicron transport: The chylomicrons enter the lymphatic vessel.
5.) Conversion to monomer form: Once in the blood, the lipids are converted back to their monomer form.
Note: Steps 2-4 occur within the enterocyte (mucosal cell) of the small intestine.

39
Q

vitamins

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

A

The fat-soluble vitamins are A, D, E, and K (ADEK).

40
Q

vitamins

How are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

Fat-soluble vitamins are transported like lipids and require the presence of dietary fat for optimal absorption.

41
Q

vitamins

What are the water-soluble vitamins?

A

The water-soluble vitamins are the B-complex vitamins (CB vitamins) and vitamin C.

42
Q

vitamins

How are water-soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed by diffusion and are easily absorbed by the body.

43
Q

celiac disease

What is Celiac’s Disease?

A

Celiac’s Disease is a common malabsorption disease caused by an immune reaction to gluten.

44
Q

celiac disease

What does gluten do in individuals with Celiac’s Disease?

A

Gluten causes immune cell damage to the intestinal villi and brush border in individuals with Celiac’s Disease.

45
Q

celiac disease

How is Celiac’s Disease treated?

A

Celiac’s Disease is treated by eliminating gluten from the diet.

A & P II Lecture (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions