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A & P II Lecture > Endocrine Part A > Flashcards

Endocrine Part A Flashcards

1
Q

what is a hormone?

A

a mediator molecule that is released in 1 part of the body

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2
Q

what is a hormone’s functions?

A

regulates activity of cells in other parts of the body

they are released into blood to circulate in body until they get to a target cell

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3
Q

what are some examples of hormones function?

A
  • regulate (metabolism)
  • growth/development
  • reproductive systems
  • circadian rhythms
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4
Q

what other body system relates to the endocrine system?

A

the nervous system

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5
Q

the endocrine & nervous system act together to coordinate ___________ of all _______ _______

A

functions
body systems

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6
Q

what are the 2 processes to help regulate hormones?

A

down regulation
up regulation

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7
Q

what does the nervous system do?

A

it sends nerve impulses by neurotransmitters

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8
Q

what does the endocrine system do?

A

it releases hormones from 1 place of the body to a target organ/cell

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9
Q

what type of responses are in the nervous system?

A

fast response
brief effects
targeted actions

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10
Q

what type of responses are in the endocrine system?

A

slow response
lingering effects
broad influence

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11
Q

the difference between
exocrine and endocrine

A

exocrine = nonhormonal w/ ducts
endocrine = hormonal with NO ducts

THINK: exocrine = exit = ducts (sweat, tears)
endocrine = inside = hormones inside body

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12
Q

how many endocrine glands are there?

A

5

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13
Q

what are the 5 endocrine glands?

A

1.) pituitary
2.) thyroid
3.) parathyroid
4.) adrenal
5.) pineal glands

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14
Q

what does neuroendocrine mean?

A

means it uses both systems
nervous & endocrine system

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15
Q

what organ has both neuro & endocrine functions?

A

hypothalamus

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16
Q

what makes up the endocrine system?

____________ + _____________ = endocrine system

A

endocrine glands + hormone secreting cells

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17
Q

how does hormone affect our cells?

A

cells have receptors so hormones can hang on

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18
Q

in order for a cell to be affected by a hormone, the cell needs to have a _________ for the hormone

A

receptor

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19
Q

receptors are constantly __________ & broken down

A

synthesized

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20
Q

down regulation

the amount of circulating hormone is ____________

A

increased

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21
Q

down regulation

receptors will ________ to make the target cell ________ sensitive

A

decrease
less

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22
Q

up regulation

the amount of circulating hormones is __________

A

decreased

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23
Q

up regulation

receptors will ________ and target cells will be _______ sensitive to hormones

A

increase
more

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24
Q

increased circulating hormones
less receptors
target cell is less sensitive to hormone

what type of regulation?

A

down regulation

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25
Q

decreased circulating hormones
more receptors
target cell is more sensitive to hormones

what type of regulation?

A

up regulation

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26
Q

if a hormone can’t interact w/ receptors, can it still work?

A

NO, it needs to receptors to carry out functions

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27
Q

what are the 2 types of local hormones?

A

autocrine & paracrine

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28
Q

what type of local hormone acts on themselves?

A

autocrine

THINK: automony

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29
Q

what does autocrine hormones do?

A

act on themselves

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30
Q

what type of local hormone acts on neighboring cells?

A

paracrine

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31
Q

what do paracrine hormones do?

A

act on neighboring cells

THINK: “para” “pair”

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32
Q

what are 2 classes of hormones?

A

lipid soluble & water soluble

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33
Q

what class of hormone uses transport proteins?

A

lipid soluble

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34
Q

what class of hormone have to go inside target cells (through plasma membrane) to bind to receptors?

A

lipid soluble

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35
Q

what class of hormone travels freely in the blood stream?

A

water soluble

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36
Q

what class of hormone binds to the receptor on the cell’s plasma membrane?

A

water soluble

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37
Q
  • uses transport protein (cholestrol)
  • goes through inside plasma membrane to bind

what class of hormone?

A

lipid soluble

38
Q
  • circulate in “free” form
  • binds to receptors on the outside of cell plasma membrane

what class of hormone?

A

water soluble

39
Q

can cells be affected by hormones if it doesn’t have a receptor?

A

NO

40
Q

what are target cells?

A

tissues w/ receptors for a specific hormone

41
Q

hormones are released and bound to receptors, some consequences are. . . .

A
  • changing cell permeability
  • stimulate mitosis
  • start secretory activity
  • smooth/cardiac muscle contraction
42
Q

the responsiveness of target cells to a hormone depends on 3 things. . . .

A

1.) hormone concentration
2.) amount of receptors on a target cell
3.) influences of other hormones

43
Q

what are the 3 types of effects of hormones on a target cell?

A

1.) permissive
2.) synergistic
3.) antagonistic

44
Q

can multiple hormones act on the same target @ the same time?

A

YES

45
Q

what is permissive effect?

A

1 hormone can only work if another one is there

E.X - reproductive hormones need thyroid hormone to have effect

46
Q

what is synergistic effect?

A

there are multiple same hormones producing the same effect on the target cell, making it amplified

E.X - glucagon and epinephrine both cause liver to release
glucose

47
Q

what is antagonistic effect?

A

when 1 hormone cancels out the other hormone

E.X - insulin and glucagon

48
Q

1 hormone can’t work without another one

what effect?

A

permissive

49
Q

more than 1 hormone working together to amplify the same effects

what effect?

A

synergistic

50
Q

opposite hormones canceling out each other

what effect?

A

antagonist

51
Q

how does hormones regulate?

A

negative feedback loop

52
Q

hormones are released by a ____________

A

triggger

53
Q

hormone release is triggered by what 2 things?

A

1.) endocrine gland stimuli
2.) nervous system modulation

54
Q

why are endocrine glands stimulated?

A

to synthesize & release hormones in response to stimuli

55
Q

how many stimuli for endocrine glands?

A

3

56
Q

what are the 3 endocrine gland stimuli?

A

1.) humoral
2.) neural
3.) hormonal

57
Q

hormones released when levels are low

what stimuli is this?

A

hurmoral

E.X: low blood calcium ion, response = increase concentration

58
Q

hormones released by nervous system

what stimuli is this?

A

neural

59
Q

hormones released by another hormone (tropic)

what stimuli is this?

A

hormonal

60
Q

what is nervous system modulation?

A

when the nervous system can modify/adjust hormone levels along with endocrine

61
Q

what is an example of a nervous system modulation?

A

nervous system overriding endocrine controls

E.X - under stress, hypothalmus & nervous system override insulin for high glucose level, fight or flight

62
Q

can hormones be removed from the body?

A

yes

63
Q

3 ways hormones can be removed from the blood

A

1.) degrading (breaking down) enzymes
2.) kidney
3.) liver

64
Q

what is half life?

A

time needed for level of hormones in blood to decrease by 1/2

can vary from half a minute to a week depending on hormone

65
Q

do all hormones exert the same duration of response?

A

NO, they have different response times

some immediate, some hours-days, some inactive until into target cells

66
Q

slide 23

A

we did it

67
Q

the _____________ is the major link between the nervous & endocrine system

A

hypothalamus

68
Q

the pituitary gland is attached to the _____________

A

hypothalamus

69
Q

what are the 2 parts of the pituitary gland?

A

posterior & anterior pituitary

70
Q

what are the 2 hormones of posterior pituitary?

A

oxytocin & ADH

71
Q

what type of feedback is oxytocin?

A

positive feedback

72
Q

where is oxytocin produced?

A

posteior pituitary

73
Q

what is an example of oxytocin?

A

uterine contractions during childbirth

74
Q

what is ADH?

A

antidiuretic hormone

75
Q

where is the hormone ADH found?

A

posterior pituitary

76
Q

3 monitors ADH levels (solute concentrations like water) in body?

A

the hypothalamus

77
Q

ADH

if the hypothalamus detects we need more water in the body, how will it release more ADH?

A

it will tell the posterior pituitary to release ADH

78
Q

the posterior pituitary releases ADH as well as telling the kidneys to do what?

A

tells the kidneys to reserve more water to become more hydrated

79
Q

if our kidneys reserve more water due to ADH levels rising, what will happen to our urine?

A

we will have less pee
but it will be more concentrated b/c it is not diluted w/ water

80
Q

what are tropic hormones?

A

when hormones regulate other hormones

besties :))

81
Q

what are tropic hormones?

A

when hormones regulate other hormones

besties :))

82
Q

what is the hormone produced in anterior pituitary?

A

growth hormone (GH)

83
Q

what are the effects of growth hormones (GH)?

A

works on metabolism & indirect growth promoting actions

84
Q

what are 2 examples of growth hormone (GH)?

A
  • metabolism = increasing fatty acids in blood as fuel
  • growth = stimulates cells to grow and divide (bone/skeletal muscle)
85
Q

what is hypersecretion?

A

over secretion

86
Q

what is hyposecretion?

A

not enough secretion

87
Q

hypersecretion of GH is caused by ___________ ________ ________

A

anterior pituitary tumor

88
Q

hypersecretion of GH in children results in what?

A

gigantism
children can be 8 ft

89
Q

hypersecretion of GH in adults results in what?

A

acromegaly
overgrowth of hands, feet, & face

90
Q

hyposecretion of GH in children results in what?

A

pituitary dwarfism
children may only be 4 ft tall

91
Q

hyposecretion of GH in adult results in what?

A

nothing, no problems

A & P II Lecture (21 decks)

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