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A & P II Lecture > Cardiovascular Part A/B > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Part A/B Flashcards

1
Q

what is the size of a heart?

A

the size of a fist

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2
Q

where is the heart located?

A

in the mediastinum

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3
Q

where does the base of the heart point lean toward to?

A

towards the right shoulder

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4
Q

where does the apex of the heart point to?

A

towards the left hip

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5
Q

the heart has _________ on the outside and __________ making up the heart

A

coverings
layers

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6
Q

what is the covering of the heart called?

A

the pericardium

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7
Q

what is the pericardium?

A

the double walled sac that surrounds the heart (made up of 2 layers)

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8
Q

how many layers of the pericardium are there?

A

2

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9
Q

what are the 2 layers of the pericardium?

A

1.) the fibrous pericardium
2.) the serous pericardium

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10
Q

what does the fibrous pericardium do?

A

it protects & anchors the heart

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11
Q

how many layers of the serous pericardium is there? (not including fluid)

A

2

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12
Q

what are the layers of the serous pericardium?

A

1.) parietal layer
2.) visceral layer (epicardium)

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13
Q

what is another word for the visceral layer of the pericardium?

A

the epicardium

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14
Q

what is between the parietal layer & visceral layer (epicardium) of the serous pericardium?

A

the pericardial cavity

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15
Q

what is the pericardial cavity?

A

the fluid filled cavity separating the parietal layer & visceral layer of the serous pericardium?

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16
Q

what is the parietal layer of the serous pericardium?

A

it lines in the inside of the fibrous pericardium

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17
Q

the ________ is part of the last layer of the heart coverings as well as the first layer of the heart wall

A

the epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium)

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18
Q

how many layers of the heart wall are there?

A

3

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19
Q

what are the layers of the heart?

A

1.) epicardium
2.) myocardium
3.) endocardium

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20
Q

what is the epicardium?

A

1st layer of heart wall
the visceral layer of the serous pericardium

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21
Q

what is the myocardium? what does it have?

A

2nd layer of heart wall
has contractile cardiac muscle cells

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22
Q

what is the endocardium? what does it line?

A

the 3rd/last layer of heart wall
lines the heart chambers

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23
Q

how many chambers of the heart?

A

4

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24
Q

what are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A

2 superior atria (right/left atrium)
2 inferior ventricles (right/left ventiricles)

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25
Q

what are the superior (top) chambers of heart called?

A

artia/atriums

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26
Q

what are the inferior (bottom) chambers of heart called?

A

ventricles

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27
Q

what separates the 2 superior atria chambers?

A

the interatrial septum

THINK: inter = between // atrial = atrium

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28
Q

what separates the 2 inferior ventricle chambers?

A

the interventricualar septum

THINK: inter = between // ventricucular = ventricles

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29
Q

what are the surface features of the heart called?

A

sulcus

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30
Q

how many sulcus are there of the heart?

A

3

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31
Q

what are the 3 sulcus of the heart?

A

1.) coronary sulcus (crown going around top of the heart)
2.) anterior interventricular sulcus
3.) posterior interventricular sulcus

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32
Q

1 side of the heart sends blood to the _______, 1 side of the heart sends _________ to the rest of the body

A

lungs
blood

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33
Q

what are arteries?

A

they carry blood AWAY from the heart

artery = away

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34
Q

the right side of the heart does what?

A

carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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35
Q

right side blood flow

what type of blood does the right atrium receive?

A

deoxygenated blood

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36
Q

right side blood flow

how does the right atrium receive blood?

A

it receives blood from 3 holes

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37
Q

right side blood flow

what 3 holes does the right atrium receive from?

A

1.) superior vena cava
2.) inferior vena cava
3.) coronary sinus

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38
Q

right side blood flow

after the right atrium receives blood, what does it go through to?

A

blood goes through the right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)

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39
Q

what is AV?

A

atrioventricular valve

can be right or left sided

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40
Q

what does the AV do?

A

it’s connected to muscles to help open and close the valve to let blood through and out (helps prevent backflow of blood, BAD!!)

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41
Q

right side blood flow

after the blood from the right atrium goes through the right AV valve, where does it get dumped into?

A

into the right ventricle & fills it

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42
Q

right side blood flow

after the right ventricle is filled w/ deoxygenated blood, where does it get pushed into?

A

it gets pushed up to the pulmonary semilunar valve

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43
Q

right side blood flow

after the deoxygenated blood is pushed to the pulmonary semilunar valve, it goes through the what?

A

the pulmonary trunk

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44
Q

right side blood flow

after blood goes through the trunk, what happens?

A

blood gets pumped out to the pulmonary arteries and to the lungs to receive oxygen

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45
Q

what are the steps of the right side of the heart?

A

right atrium receives blood (3)→
through right AV →
into right ventricle →
pushed up to pulmonary semilunar valve →
through pulmonary trunk→
pumped into pulmonary arteries →
out to the lungs for oxygen

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46
Q

what do veins do?

A

carry oxygenated blood

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47
Q

what does the left side of the heart do?

A

carries oxygenated blood to the whole body

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48
Q

what are the steps of the left side of the heart?

A

lungs have oxygenated blood →
oxygenated blood goes to pulmonary veins →
pulmonary veins carry blood into left atrium →
blood in left atrium goes through left AV (mitral, bicuspid valve) →
blood goes into left ventricle →
blood gets pushed up into aortic semilunar valve & up to the aorta →
aorta brings oxygenated blood throughout the entire body

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49
Q

left side blood flow of heart

what is another word for left AV?

A

mitral/bicuspid valve

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50
Q

why are the heart valves important?

A

they open & close to make sure blood flow doesn’t go the wrong way/back up

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51
Q

the right & left side of the heart work at the ____________ time

A

same

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52
Q

how does the right side of the heart get blood?

A

from the 3 holes

1.) superor vena cava
2.) inferior vena cava
3.) coronary sinus

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53
Q

how does the left side of the heart get blood?

A

by the 4 pulmonary veins (from the lungs)

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54
Q

describe the right side heart blood flow

A

3 holes (superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, & coronary sinus) →
right atrium →
right AV valve →
right ventricle →
pulmonary semilunar valve →
pulmonary trunk →
lungs

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55
Q

describe the left side heart blood flow

A

4 pulmonary veins →
left atrium →
left AV valve →
left ventricle →
aortic semilunar valve →
aorta →
body (system circulation)

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56
Q

what is the systemic circulation? what side of heart?

A

how blood is moved between the heart & the rest of the body

SYSTEM = body

this would be the left side (it sends blood to the body) blood from aorta gets sent to arteries & capillaries and out to body tissue

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57
Q

what is pulmonary circulation?

A

when deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart gets sent to the lungs

(left side = body, right side = lungs)

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58
Q

what side is pulmonary circulation?

A

right side (sending deoxygenated blood to lungs to get oxygen)

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59
Q

what side is the systemic circulation?

A

left side (sending blood to body from heart)

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60
Q

the systemic & pulmonary circuits pump on different ____________ on both sides

A

pressure

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61
Q

what ventricle has to put in more work & why?

A

the left ventricle b/c it has to pump blood to the body

the left ventricle has to push blood out to the aorta (where there is a lot of pressure from already circulating blood)

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62
Q

b/c the left ventricle has to put in more work to push blood out, why/how is the left ventricle different from the right?

A

the left ventricle’s wall (muscle/myocardium) is thicker than the right b/c it is stronger b/c theres more work to push blood out

the right ventricle doesn’t need to work hard b/c it pushes blood to lungs which is right next to it so its not strong, it is thin

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63
Q

describe the difference in structure of the left & right ventricles

A

left - thick wall, round, strong
right - thin wall, crescent shape, not as strong

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64
Q

systemic & pulmonary circuit

which one is high pressure?

A

systemic circuit (left side)

b/c it pushes blood throughout the body = hard

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65
Q

systemic & pulmonary circuit

which one is low pressure?

A

pulmonary circuit (right side)

b/c it pushes blood to lungs = easy

66
Q

pulmonary veins & arteries

function of pulmonary veins

A

they take oxygenated blood from lungs to the heart

(away = arteries but pulmonary its opposite)

67
Q

pulmonary veins & arteries

function of pulmonary arties

A

they take deoxygenated blood from the right side of heart to the lungs

(away = arteries but pulmonary its opposite)

68
Q

what is the name of the heart’s own circulation?

A

the coronary circulation

the functional blood supply to the heart muscle itself

69
Q

what is the coronary circulation?

A

the heart’s own circulation

the functional blood supply to the heart muscle itself

70
Q

comparing skeletal & cardiac muscle

what is the appearance?

A

skeletal
- striated, long, circular

cardiac
- striated, short, branched

71
Q

comparing skeletal & cardiac muscle

how many nuclei?

A

skeletal
- many per cell

cardiac
- only 1-2 per cell

72
Q

comparing skeletal & cardiac muscle

any gap junctions?

A

skeletal
- no

cardiac
- yes!!
- these gap functions are spaces that help send signals quicker (good for cardiac)

73
Q

comparing skeletal & cardiac muscle

do they contract as a unit?

A

skeletal
- no, the motor units have to be stimulated individually

cardiac
- yes, the gap junctions created synced contraction

74
Q

comparing skeletal & cardiac muscle

how do they get their supply of ATP?

A

skeletal
- aerobic & anaerobic

cardiac
- aerobic only (more mitochondria)

75
Q

comparing skeletal & cardiac muscle

any pace maker cells?

A

skeletal
- no
cardiac
- yes (think of pacemaker)

76
Q

comparing skeletal & cardiac muscle

is tetanus possible?

tetanus = means locked, frozen

A

skeletal
- yes

cardiac
- no (bad for heart)

77
Q

what is the cardiac conduction system?

A

how the heart beats (contracts) using cells, nodes, & signals
(without the nervous system)

each time your heart beats, all the electrical signals travel through your heart

78
Q

cardiac conduction system

what are the autorhythmic fibers?

A

they are the nodes!
- are specialized cardiac muscle fibers/cells
- make action potentials that trigger heart contractions

79
Q

cardiac conduction system

what are the 2 important functions of the autorhythmic fibers/nodes?

A

1.) act as a pacemaker
2.) form the conduction system (the autorhythmic fibers are the nodes)

80
Q

what is the steps of the conduction pathway throughout the heart? (5)

A

1.) the SA node (sinoatrial node)
2.) the AV node (atrioventricular node)
3.) the AV bundle (atrioventricular bundle/bundle of His)
4.) the bundle branches (left & right)
5.) the Purkinje fibers (subendocardial conducting network)

81
Q

describe the conduction pathway throughout the heart

the order of steps/structures, location, function

A

1.) the SA node
- this is in the right atrium
- fires off the signal to be sent out (generates the impulse)
- also called the “pacemaker” b/c it sets the heart beat
- sends impulses inside the right atrium, crosses across the interatrial (atrium) septum to the left atrium & also to the AV node

2.) the AV node
- the signal from the SA node travels across the right atrium to the AV node (also in right atrium)

3.) the AV bundle/bundle of His
- the signal from the AV node (right ventricle) goes to the AV bundle (in the interventrical septum) (inter = between, ventrical = ventricle, septum)

4.) the bundle branches
- split into left & right
- still in the interventricular septum

5.) the Purkinje fibers
- signal from the bundle branches hit the fibers (on the apex of the heart) and the fibers bring signal up & around the bottom sides of the heart (the ventricular walls)

KNOW - the SA node contracts to push blood down into the ventricles, then the bottom squeezes blood (branches/fibers) to push blood up into the pulmonary trunk, aorta, or lungs

82
Q

what factors can the autonomic nervous system and hormones change about each heartbeat?

A

nerve impusles from the ANS & hormones can modify . .
- timing & strength of each heart beat
- HOWEVER, they don’t establish the fundamental rhythm

83
Q

what is the pacemaker of the heart? aka also establishes the fundamental rhythm?

where is it?

A
  • the SA node
  • in the right atrium
84
Q

the heartbeat can be modified by the ANS system in 2 ways . . .

A

1.) the cardioacceleratory center
2.) the cardioinhibitory center

85
Q

what does the cardioacceleratory center do?

A

sends signals through sympathetic trunk (fight of flight) to increase both rate and force

acceleratory = accelerate

86
Q

what does the cardioinhibitory center do?

A

parasympathetic signals via vagus nerve to decrease rate

(slows the heartbeat)

87
Q

contractile cardiac muscle cells make up the _________ & are responsible for doing what?

A

heart
responsible for the pumping action of the heart

88
Q

in order for contractile cardiac muscles cells to contract & pump the heart, how are they stimulated?

A

by action potentials

action potentials = a rapid sequence of changes in voltages across a membrane

89
Q

_________ _________ of contractile cardiac muscle cells is what stimulates the heart to contract/pump

A

action potentials

90
Q

how many steps of action potentials contractile cardiac muscle cells are there?

A

4

91
Q

what are the 4 steps of action potentials of contractile cardiac muscle cells?

A

1.) cardiac muscle cell at rest
2.) depolarization
3.) plateau
4.) repolarization

92
Q

describe the 4 steps of action potentials of contractile cardiac muscle cells

A

1.) cardiac muscle cell is at rest (negatively charged)

2.) depolarization
- when positively charged sodium (Na+) rushes into the cell to make it positive

positive = cardiac muscle cell contracting

3.) plateau
- maintaining/keeping the cell positive so it can continue contracting
- this is when calcium (Ca 2+) enters slowly to help maintain the positive charge

4.) repolarization
- positively charged potassium (K+) leave the cell, what is left behind is negative and we go back to step 1

93
Q

action potential of contractile cardiac muscle cells

from what stage to what stage is the cardiac muscle cell is contracting?

A

from the depolarization stage → plateau is when its contracting

94
Q

when the SA node fires off in each cardiac muscle during the conduction cycle/pathway, that is when each contractile cardiac muscle goes through . . . .

A

the 4 steps of action potential of contractile cardiac muscle cells

95
Q

when an action potential initiates, the cardiac cell can’t start another action potential while it’s contracting. what is this called & why is it important?

A
  • called the refractory period
  • important b/c it helps protect the heart
96
Q

what is an electrocardiogram/ECG/EKG? what does it measure?

A

a graphic recording of all electrical activity of the heart, including all action potentials (the 4 steps)

97
Q

what is the P wave in a EKG represent?

A

the atrial depolarization, followed by the atrial contraction

98
Q

what does the QRS complex in a EKG represent? what is happening at the same time?

A

the ventricular depolarization, followed by the ventricular contraction

at the same time, atrial repolarization is also occurring (atrial relaxation)

99
Q

what does the T wave in a EKG represent?

A

the ventricular repolarization (ventricles relaxing)

100
Q

what does the P-R interval in a EKG represent?

A

the beginning of atrial excitation → to the beginning of ventricular excitation

THINK: atrial excitation is the innervation of the SA node & the nerves of the atrium chambers to generate the contraction of these chambers to push the blood into the ventricles

101
Q

what does the S-T segment in a EKG represent?

A

all of the ventricular myocardium depolarizing (contracting) completing/the interval between depolarization and repolarization of the ventricles/

102
Q

what does the Q-T interval in a EKG represent?

A

the beginning of ventricular depolarization → to the end of ventricular repolarization

103
Q

what represents atrial depolarization (contraction) on a EKG?

A

the P wave

104
Q

what represents ventricular depolarization (contraction) as well as atrial repolarization (relaxation) on a EKG?

A

QRS complex

105
Q

what represents ventricular repolarization (ventricles relaxing) on a EKG?

A

the T wave

106
Q

what represents the beginning of atrial excitation → to the beginning of ventricular excitation on a EKG?

A

the P-R interval

107
Q

what represents all of the ventricular myocardium depolarizing (contracting) completing/the interval between depolarization and repolarization of the ventricles on a EKG?

A

the S-T segment

108
Q

what represents the beginning of ventricular depolarization → to the end of ventricular repolarization on a EKG?

A

the Q-T interval

109
Q

what is systole?

A

period of heart contraction
fancy word for contracting

110
Q

what is diastole?

A

period of heart relaxing
fancy word for relaxing

diastole = die = relax

111
Q

what is the cardiac cycle?

A

all the events that happen in 1 heart beat

112
Q

in the cardiac cycle, atrial ________ & __________ are followed by ventricular _________ _________-

A

systole & diastole
systole & diastole

113
Q

in the cardiac cycle, _________ ________ follow electrical events as seen on a EKG

A

mechanical events

mechanical events = contractions

114
Q

there are phases of the mechanical events of the cardiac cycle. how many?

A

4

115
Q

what are the 4 phases of mechanical events of the cardiac cycle?

A

1.) ventricular filling
2.) isovolumetric contraction
3.) ventricular ejection
4.) isovolumetric relaxation

116
Q

describe the 4 phases of mechanical events of the cardiac cycle

A

1.) ventricular filling
- blood passively going from atria, past AV valves & into the ventricles
- atrial depolarization → leads to atrial systole (fancy word for contracting)
- blood from atria going down in ventricles by contracting
- depolarization is now heading to ventricles (QRS complex)

2.) isovolumetric contraction
- atrias are in diastole (fancy word for relaxing)
- ventricles begin to contract
- AV valve & semilunar valves shuts so blood can’t go back = this is the moment in time where both AV valves & semilunar valves are closed
- hasn’t ejected anything yet

3.) ventricular ejection
- where pressure of ventricular contraction exceeds the pressure on the other side of the semilunar valves = so blood is ejecting (up into pulmonary trunk & aorta)

4.) isovolumetric relaxation
- ventricular repolarization (T wave), as a result of this, ventricles relax (this is ventricular diastole aka relaxation)
- semilunar valves will shut, this is another moment in time where both AV valves & semilunar valves are closed

iso = AV valves & semilunar valves shut

117
Q

what are the lub dup sounds?

A

the sounds associated w/ the closing of heart valves

118
Q

what is the 1st lub sound?

A

sound of the AV valves closing 1st, at the beginning of ventricular systole (contraction)

119
Q

what is the 2nd dup sound?

A

sound of the semilunar valves closing, at the beginning of ventricular diastole (diastole = relax)

120
Q

what is cardiac output/CO?

A

the amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 min (60 secs)

121
Q

what is stroke volume/SV?

A

the amount of blood pumped out of a ventricle during each beat, correlates w/ force of contraction

122
Q

what does stroke volume/SV correlate with?

A

force of contraction

123
Q

how do you calculate cardiac output/CO?

A

CO = heart rate (BPM) x stroke volume (mL)

124
Q

what does heart rate correlate with?

A

speed of contraction

125
Q

what is cardiac reserve?

A

the difference between the resting & maximum CO

126
Q

how do you calculate cardiac reserve?

A

cardiac reserve = COmax - COrest

127
Q

what are the 2 factors that determine the CO?

A

1.) stroke volume (SV)
2.) heart rate (HR)

THINK: think of CO equation

128
Q

what does EDV stand for?

A

end diastolic volume

129
Q

what is end diastolic volume (EDV)?

A

the amount of blood in the ventricles before the heart contracts

130
Q

what does ESV stand for?

A

end systolic volume

131
Q

what is end systolic volume (ESV)?

A

the remaining blood in the ventricles after the heart contracts

132
Q

how do you calculate stroke volume (SV)?

A

SV = EDV - ESV

133
Q

how many main factors affect stroke volume (SV)?

A

3

134
Q

what are the 3 main factors that affect SV?

A

1.) preload
2.) contractility
3.) afterload

135
Q

factors affecting SV

what is preload?

A

the degree of stretch on cardiac muscle cells before they contract

stretched more = better contraction

136
Q

increase of decrease SV?

preload

A

increase of preload = increase of SV

137
Q

factors affecting SV

what is the relationship between preload & SV called?

A

the Frank-Starling law of heart

138
Q

factors affecting SV

what is contractility?

A

the muscle’s contractile strength

139
Q

increase of decrease SV?

contractility

A

increase of contractility = increase SV

140
Q

factors affecting SV

what is afterload?

A

the pressure on the other side of the semilunar valves, meaning that the pressure the ventricles have to overcome to eject the blood out

141
Q

increase of decrease SV?

afterload

A

Increasing afterload = increasing pressure of ventricles working against = decrease SV

142
Q

if SV goes down & we need to maintain w/ CO, what can we use to manipulate SV?

what do we need to do with that?

A

heart rate to manipulate SV

we need to increase HR to keep up w/ CO

143
Q

what increases heart rate?

A

positive chronotropic factors

144
Q

what decreases heart rate?

A

negative chronotropic factors

145
Q

heart regulated is regulated by how many things?

A

3

146
Q

what 3 things regulate heart rate?

A

1.) autonomic nervous system (ANS)
2.) chemicals (hormones/ions)
3.) other factors (age, gender)

147
Q

heart rate regulation

what are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A

1.) sympathetic
2.) parasympathetic

148
Q

heart rate regulation

what division of the ANS increases heart rate?

A

sympathetic

149
Q

heart rate regulation

what does the sympathetic division of ANS release to increase heart rate?

A

norepinephrine

150
Q

heart rate regulation

name the 2 ways norepinephrine in the sympathetic ANS increases heart rate

A

1.) acts on SA nodes (pacemaker) to make it fire more rapidly
2.) increases contractility (muscle strength)

151
Q

heart rate regulation

what division of the ANS decreases heart rate?

A

parasympathetic

152
Q

heart rate regulation

how does the parasympathetic division of ANS decrease heart rate?

A
  • releases acetylcholine to decrease heart rate of the SA node (pacemaker)
  • can only affect SA node, no effect on contractility
153
Q

heart rate regulation

what is the main differences between how the sympathetic & parasympathetic of the ANS regulates heart rate?

A

1.) sympathetic = increase
parasympathetic = decrease

2.) sympathetic = acts on SA node & contractility
parasympathetic = ONLY acts on SA node (pacemaker)

154
Q

heart rate regulation

what is vagal tone?

A

when parasympathetic division dominates influence on heart rate, it brings the heart rate down 25 BPM

155
Q

heart rate regulation

what are the 2 chemical regulations of heart rate?

A

1.) hormones
2.) ions

156
Q

heart rate regulation

how do hormones of chemicals regulate heart rate?

A
  • epinephrine increase heart rate & contractility
  • thyroxine increases heart rate & helps the effects of epinephrine/norepinephrine

(do not need to know exact hormones)

157
Q

heart rate regulation

what’s important about ions of chemicals that regulate heart rate?

A
  • ionic imbalances dangerous to heart

E.X - SA nodes firing (conduction system is ions)

158
Q

heart rate regulation

what are the 4 other factors that regulate heart rate?

A

1.) age
2.) gender
3.) exercise
4.) body temp

159
Q

what is tachycardia? what is the BPM range?

A
  • super fast heart rate
  • more than 100 BPM
160
Q

what is bradycardia? what is the BPM range?

A
  • super low heart rate
  • less than 60 BPM
  • ok w/ athletes tho

A & P II Lecture (21 decks)

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