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A & P II Lecture > Reproductive System Part A > Flashcards

Reproductive System Part A Flashcards

1
Q

reproductive system

how is the reproductive system unique compared to your other body systems?

A
  • does not function continuously like other organ systems
  • does not become active until puberty
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2
Q

what are male gametes?

A

sperm

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3
Q

what are female gametes?

A

ova (eggs)

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4
Q

what is a zygote?

A

made when sperm & egg fuse
- all new body cells come from it

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5
Q

Similarities Between Male & Female Reproductive Systems

what are the four tasks that both male and female reproductive systems are responsible for/ work together to achieve?

A

1.) form specialized cells for sexual reproduction called gametes
- sperm = male gametes
- ova (eggs) = female gametes
2.) bring gametes from male and female together through sex (copulation)
3.) combine genetic information inside gametes through fertilization
- zygote = made when sperm and egg fuse, and all new body cells come from zygote
4.) support development of fetus (gestation) and birth (parturition)

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6
Q

Primary Sex Organs (gonads)

what are the primary sex organs (gonads) in males and females?

A
  • males = testes
  • females = ovaries
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7
Q

Primary Sex Organs (gonads)

what 2 products are produced by the testes and ovaries?

A

1.) gametes
2.) sex hormones

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8
Q

Primary Sex Organs (gonads)

what are male gametes and female gametes?

A
  • male gametes = sperm
  • female gametes = ova or eggs
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9
Q

Primary Sex Organs (gonads)

how are gametes formed?

A
  • formed through a type of cell division called meiosis
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10
Q

Primary Sex Organs (gonads)

what sex hormones are produced by the testes and ovaries?

A
  • testes produce testosteron
  • ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone
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11
Q

what axis gets activated to secrete hormones once puberty hits?

A
  • hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis (HPG Axis) gets activated to secrete hormones
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12
Q

Hypothalamic Pituitary Gonadal Axis (HPG Axis)

what is the Hypothalamic Pituitary Gonadal Axis (HPG Axis) responsible for?

A
  • responsible for the production of gametes and sex hormones
  • regulated by the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and testes/ovaries
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13
Q

Hypothalamic Pituitary Gonadal Axis (HPG Axis)

when does the HPG Axis get activated?

A
  • gets activated at puberty, when reproductive organs grow to adult size and become functional
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14
Q

Hypothalamic Pituitary Gonadal Axis (HPG Axis)

what happens once the HPG Axis is activated?

A
  • sex hormones are released until an adult pattern of hormone interaction is achieved
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15
Q

meiosis

what is meiosis?

A
  • cell division process that occurs only in gonads (ovaries and testes)
  • produces gametes (sperm and egg)
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16
Q

meiosis

what are gametes?

A
  • gametes are haploid (n) cells that contain only 23 chromosomes
  • are produced during meiosis and are necessary for sexual reproduction
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17
Q

meiosis

what happens during fertilization?

A

During fertilization, a haploid sperm cell fuses with a haploid egg cell, creating a diploid (2n) zygote with 46 chromosomes. The zygote then develops into a new organism.

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18
Q

meiosis 1 & 2

what are the steps of meiosis?

A
  • include two divisions Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2
  • replication only happens once and the end product is 4 haploid daughter cells
19
Q

meiosis 1 & 2

what happens during the preceding interphase before meiosis 1?

A
  • before Meiosis 1, there is a preceding interphase where all chromosomes are replicated, and after this, it goes right into Prophase 1
20
Q

meiosis 1 & 2

what are the events happening in the PMAT phase during Meiosis?

A
  • Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase
21
Q

meiosis

what happens in meiosis 1?

A
  • chromosome number is reduced from 2n to n
  • there are events not seen in Mitosis or Meiosis 2
  • meiosis 1 goes through Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, and Telophase 1, and the end result is 2 haploid daughter cells that will enter Meiosis 2
22
Q

meiosis

what happens in meiosis 2?

A
  • each 2 haploid daughter cell formed in meiosis 1 divides
  • meiosis 2 goes through Prophase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, and Telophase 2
  • the end result is 4 haploid gametes that are each different from the original diploid cell
23
Q

meiosis 1 & 2

What is the result of Meiosis 1?

A
  • two haploid daughter cells and they now enter Meiosis 2
24
Q

meiosis 1 & 2

what is the difference between Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2 in terms of their results?

A
  • meiosis 1 results in 2 haploid daughter cells that will enter Meiosis 2
  • meiosis 2 results in 4 haploid gametes that are each different from the original diploid cell
25
Q

meiosis 1 & 2

what is the significance of Prophase 1 in Meiosis 1?

A
  • resulting in unique chromosomes that are a mix of the parent’s chromosome
26
Q

meiosis 1 & 2

what is the difference between Haploid and Diploid?

A
  • haploid cells have one set of chromosomes
  • diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes
27
Q

testes

where are sperm produced in the testes?

A
  • produced inside the seminiferous tubules within the testes
28
Q

testes

what are the 2 types of cells found within the seminiferous tubules?

A

1.) sertoli cells
2.) leydig cells

29
Q

testes

what are the functions of sertoli cells?

A
  • are support cells that help regulate testosterone production
  • also aid in the process of spermatogenesis
30
Q

testes

what are the functions of leydig cells?

A
  • secrete testosterone
  • are found in the spaces between the seminiferous tubules in the testes
31
Q

spermatogenesis

what is spermatogenesis?

A
  • process of making male gametes
32
Q

spermatogenesis

where does spermatogenesis happen?

A
  • happens inside the seminiferous tubules
33
Q

spermatogenesis

what is the process of spermatogenesis?

A
  • process by which a spermatocyte becomes a fully mature sperm
34
Q

what is the process by which spermatids mature into sperm called?

A
  • spermatogenesis
35
Q

spermatogenesis

what are the 3 steps of spermatogenesis?

A

1.) mitosis of spermatogonia
2.) meiosis 1 & 2
3.) spermatogenesis

36
Q

spermatogenesis

what happens during the mitosis of spermatogonia?

A
  • stem cell creates 2 spermatocytes (only 1 will enter meiosis)
37
Q

spermatogenesis

What happens during meiosis 1 & 2 in spermatogenesis?

A
  • a spermatocyte will make secondary spermatocytes to make 4 spermatids
38
Q

spermatogenesis

what happens during spermatogenesis?

A
  • spermatids become sperm
39
Q

spermatogenesis

what is the path that sperm takes after it matures? (5)

A
  • sperm is conveyed from the seminiferous tubules to the straight tubule —-> rete testis —-> efferent ductules —-> epididymis
40
Q

accessory ducts

what is the order of accessory ducts in which sperm is carried through? (4)

A

1.) epididymis
2.) ductus deferens
3.) ejaculatory duct
4.) urethra

41
Q

functions of each male accessory sex gland

how many & what are they?

A

3

1.) seminal glands/vesicles
2.) prostate
3.) bulbo urethral gland

42
Q

functions of each male accessory sex gland

what does the seminal glands (seminal vesicles) do?a

A
  • make viscous alkaline seminal fluid
43
Q

functions of each male accessory sex gland

what does the prostate do?

A
  • secretes milky, slightly acidic fluid that helps with sperm activation
44
Q

functions of each male accessory sex gland

what does the bulbo urethral gland do?

A
  • makes thick clear mucus during sexual arousal to lubricate the penis
  • also neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra

A & P II Lecture (21 decks)

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