Respiratory System Part C Flashcards
how many ways is O2 carried in blood?
2
2 ways O2 is carried in blood
1.) 1.5 % dissolved in plasma
2.) 98.5 % is loosely bound to each iron (Fe) in hemoglobin (Hb) in RBC
each Hb molecule can carry _______ oxygen molecules
4
association of oxygen & hemoglobin
what causes the loading and unloading of O2 in Hb?
- the change in shape of Hb causes the loading and unloading of O2 in Hb
association of oxygen & hemoglobin
what happens when there is an increase in oxygen levels?
- an increase in oxygen levels results in an increase in Hb’s affinity for oxygen
- Hb will change its shape to increase oxygen binding
association of oxygen & hemoglobin
what is the definition of affinity in this context?
- affinity refers to the degree to which Hb likes oxygen and wants more of it
- opening its arms for more
association of oxygen & hemoglobin
how does Hb’s shape change when O2 binds to it?
- when O2 binds to Hb, the Hb changes its shape and increases its affinity for O2
association of oxygen & hemoglobin
what happens to Hb’s affinity for O2 as O2 is removed?
- as O2 is removed, Hb changes its shape and decreases its affinity for O2
association of oxygen & hemoglobin
what does “fully saturated” mean in this context?
- “fully saturated” means that 1 Hb molecule is bound to 4 oxygen molecules
- 100% occupied with oxygen
association of oxygen & hemoglobin
what does “partially saturated” mean in this context?
- “partially saturated” means that 1 Hb molecule is bound to 3 or fewer oxygen molecules
association of oxygen & hemoglobin
why is the rate of loading and unloading of O2 regulated?
- to ensure adequate oxygen delivery to cells
association of oxygen & hemoglobin
what are the 5 factors that affect Hb saturation with oxygen?
1.) partial pressure of oxygen (PO2)
other factors
2.) body temperature
3.) blood pH (0-14) [<7 = acidic // >7 = alkaline)
4.) partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2)
5.) concentration of BPG (bisphosphoglycerate)
oxygen transport
what is the influence of PO2 (partial pressure of oxygen) on hemoglobin saturation?
- PO2 heavily influences the binding and release of O2 with hemoglobin
oxygen transport
what is the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve?
- a graph that shows how the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen changes as the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) changes
oxygen - hemoglobin saturation curve
how does the Bohr effect affect the Oxygen-Saturation Curve?
- the Bohr effect shifts the Oxygen-Saturation Curve to the right
- meaning that at any given partial pressure of oxygen (PO2), hemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen
oxygen - hemoglobin saturation curve
what happens as blood flows from the lungs towards the tissues in regards to the Bohr effect?
- as blood flows from the lungs towards the tissues, the increasing acidity shifts the Oxygen-Saturation Curve to the right due to the Bohr effect
oxygen - hemoglobin saturation curve
what is the result of the Oxygen-Saturation Curve shifting to the right due to the Bohr effect?
- the rightward shift of the Oxygen-Saturation Curve enhances oxygen unloading from hemoglobin at tissues with higher levels of CO2 and lower pH
oxygen - hemoglobin saturation curve
what is the purpose of the Bohr effect in regards to oxygen delivery to tissues?
- the Bohr effect facilitates oxygen delivery to tissues by enhancing oxygen unloading from hemoglobin at sites of high metabolic activity
oxygen - hemoglobin saturation curve
what is a left-sided shift in the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve?
- means that at any given PO2, hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen
oxygen - hemoglobin saturation curve
how does a left-sided shift in the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve affect oxygen unloading?
- makes it harder for hemoglobin to release oxygen at the tissues
oxygen - hemoglobin saturation curve
what is the Haldane effect?
- where the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) that can be carried by hemoglobin in the blood is affected by the level of oxygenation of hemoglobin
oxygen - hemoglobin saturation curve
what 3 factors cause a right-sided shift in the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve?
aka Bohr effect
1.) increase in temperature
2.) increase of carbon dioxide (CO2)
3.) increase acidity (H+)
can cause a right-sided shift in the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve, making it easier to unload oxygen
oxygen - hemoglobin saturation curve
what 3 factors cause a left-sided shift in the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve?
aka Haldane effect
1.) decrease in temperature
2.) decrease of CO2
3.) alkalosis
can cause a left-sided shift in the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve, making it easier for hemoglobin to bind to oxygen more strongly
oxygen - hemoglobin saturation curve
what is alkalosis?
- condition where the pH of the blood is higher than normal (above 7.45).
carbon dioxide transport
what are the 3 ways in which carbon dioxide (CO2) is transported in the body?
1.) dissolved in plasma (7-10%) as PCO2
2.) chemically bound to hemoglobin (just over 20%)
3.) as bicarbonate ions in plasma (about 70%) (HCO3–).
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
what is an obstructive lung disease?
- an obstructive lung disease makes it harder for air to flow in and out of the lungs due to a blockage in the airway
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
what is a restrictive lung disease?
- restrictive lung disease makes it harder for the lungs to expand and fill with air
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
what is COPD?
- type of lung disease that makes it difficult to breathe due to an obstruction in the airway
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
what are the 2 types of COPD?
1.) chronic emphysema
2.) chronic bronchitis
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
what is the key feature of COPD?
- irreversible decrease in ability to force air out of lungs
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
what is chronic emphysema?
- type of COPD where the alveoli in the lungs are damaged, making it difficult to exhale
- this results in permanent enlargement of alveoli and destruction of alveolar walls
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
what are the 3 consequences of emphysema?
1.) the need for accessory muscles for breathing
- rely on accessory muscles for breathing (neck muscles look huge)
2.) trapped air causing TODAY”S WORK
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which leads to a flattened diaphragm
- diaphragm doesn’t have nice dome shape, it’s pernamently flatten shape
3.) damaged pulmonary capillary resulting in an enlarged right ventricle
- right ventricle will work harder & it will be bigger
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
what is chronic bronchitis?
- type of COPD in which inhaled irritants cause chronic excessive mucus production
- resultsin obstructed airways that impair lung ventilation and gas exchange
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
symptom of chronic bronchitis?
- frequent pulmonary infections
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
what are the risk factors for chronic bronchitis?
- smoking
- exposure to environmental pollutants
cystic fibrosis
what is cystic fibrosis?
- a genetic disease that causes abnormal, viscous mucus to clog passageways, affecting the lungs, pancreatic ducts, and reproductive ducts.
cystic fibrosis
what are the treatments for cystic fibrosis?
- treatments for cystic fibrosis include mucus-dissolving drugs
- manipulation to loosen mucus, antibiotics
- inhalation of hypertonic saline to thin mucus
