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A & P II Lecture > Blood/Blood Typing > Flashcards

Blood/Blood Typing Flashcards

1
Q

what is blood?

A

the life sustaining transport vehicle of the cardiovascular system

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2
Q

how many functions of blood?

A

3

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3
Q

what are the 3 functions of blood?

A

1.) transport
2.) regulation
3.) protection

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4
Q

how does blood carry out transport functions?

A

transports oxygen, calcium, & sodium throughout the body

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5
Q

how does blood carry out regulation functions?

A

it regulates pH, oxygen getting to tissues, CO2, & WBC

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6
Q

how does blood carry out protection functions?

A

has platelets to protect against blood loss
has WBC to protect against foreign invaders

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7
Q

what type of tissue is blood?

A

connective tissue

only fluid tissue in body

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8
Q

what makes up blood?

A

matrix & cells

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9
Q

what is the matrix in blood?

A

a non living fluid called plasma

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10
Q

what is plasma?

A

a non living fluid inside matrix of blood

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11
Q

what are the cells in blood called?

A

called formed elements
are living blood cells

RBC, WBC, platelets

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12
Q

what are formed elements?

(definition)

A

the living blood cells inside blood

RBC, WBC, & platelets

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13
Q

where are blood cells in blood?

A

the blood cells are suspended in plasma

plasma = matrix
blood = matrix + cells

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14
Q

what are the 3 formed elements of blood?

A

1.) erthrocytes (RBC)
2.) leukocytes (WBC)
3.) platelets

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15
Q

what are erthrocytes?

A

red blood cells

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16
Q

what are leukocytes?

A

white blood cells

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17
Q

why is it important to know how much RBC someone has?

A

b/c RBC carry oxygen
if we know # RBC, we know how much oxygen a person has

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18
Q

what is a hematocrit?

A

the % of RBC in a whole blood sample

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19
Q

what is the normal value of hematocrit for males?

A

47 %

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20
Q

what is the normal value of hematocrit for females?

A

42%

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21
Q

male vs. female

who has a higher value of hematocrit?

A

males 47%

(female 42%)

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22
Q

blood layers

what % is made up of plasma?

A

55%

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23
Q

blood layers

what % is made up of the buffy coat?

A

less than 1 %

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24
Q

blood layers

what % is made up of the erythrocytes?

A

45%

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25
Q

what happens when you put a blood sample into a centrifuge?

A

the blood self separates

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26
Q

how many layers does the blood separate into after centrifuging?

A

3

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27
Q

what are the 3 layers of blood after centrifuging?

A

1.) plasma = on top
2.) buffy coat = in middle
3.) erythrocytes = on bottom

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28
Q

what does the buffy coat contain?

A

WBC & platelets

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29
Q

what is the normal pH of blood?

A

7.35 - 7.45

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30
Q

what is plasma in blood?

(talking about the layers)

A

the liquid part of blood

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31
Q

what is the composition of plasma?

A

90 % water
10 % dissolved solutes (proteins)

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32
Q

what does complete cells mean?

A

they have nucleus & organelles

ONLY WBC

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33
Q

what are erythrocytes 3 features that make it efficient for gas exchange?

A

1.) biconcave shape = more surface area for exchange
2.) lots of hemoglobin (97 % of cell) = Hb is what oxygen binds to
3.) they don’t have mitochondria

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34
Q

what does hemoglobin bind reversibly with?

A

oxygen

means it hangs on and gets off as it pleases

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35
Q

what is the normal value of hemoglobin for males?

A

13-18 g/100 mL

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36
Q

what is the normal value of hemoglobin for females?

A

12-16 g/100 mL

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37
Q

what is in hemoglobin?

A

red heme pigment

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38
Q

each red heme pigment in hemoglobin binds to 1 what?

A

1 oxygen molecule

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39
Q

how many rings are in hemoglobin?

A

4

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40
Q

what does each hemoglobin ring have?

A

heme pigment

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41
Q

how many oxygen molecules can bind to 1 Hb?

A

4

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42
Q

what is hematopoiesis?

A

the process of formation of ALL blood cells

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43
Q

where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

in red bone marrow

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44
Q

what do all cells start of as that turn into the formed elements?

A

hematopoietic stem cells

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45
Q

what are hematopoietic stem cells also called?

A

hemocytoblasts

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46
Q

what is erythropoiesis?

A

the process of formation of RBC

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47
Q

in hematopoietic stem cells, ____________ & ___________ factors push the cell toward specific pathways of creating a blood cell

A

hormones & growth factors

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48
Q

what is erythropoietin?

A

hormone influencing RBC growth

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49
Q

what are committed cells?

A

stem cells that are committed to becoming a cell of their origin

CAN’T CHANGE!! I’m

E.X: hematopoietic stem cell

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50
Q

how long does erythropoiesis takes?

A

15 days

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51
Q

what are the stages/process of erythropoiesis?

A

Hematopoietic stem cell is influenced by erythropoietin (hormone) →
becomes proerythroblast →
becomes reticulocyte →
turns into mature RBC

reticulocyte = blood cell still forming

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52
Q

what is the life span of a RBC?

A

100-120 days

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53
Q

what is hypoxia?

A

not enough oxygen to tissues

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54
Q

how is erythropoiesis regulated?

A

by a negative feedback loop

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55
Q

what are the steps of how erythropoiesis is regulated (negative feedback loop)?

A

1.) a stimulus (hypoxia)
2.) kidney releases erythropoietin
3.) erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow
4.) red bone marrow stimulates erythropoiesis (formation of RBC)
5.) blood is able to carry oxygen due to more RBC

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56
Q

not enough RBC leads to?

A

hypoxia

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57
Q

too much RBC leads to?

A

increase of blood viscosity

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58
Q

what is anemia?

A

result of a disease
when blood has low oxygen carrying capacity, can’t support body metabolism

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59
Q

what are some symptoms of anemia?

A
  • fatigue
  • pallor (pale)
  • dyspnea (shortness breath)
  • chills
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60
Q

what are the 3 groups/reasons why anemia happens?

A

1.) blood loss
2.) not enough RBC produced
3.) too many RBC being destroyed

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61
Q

what is an example of anemia blood loss?

A

hemorrhagic anemia (means rapid blood loss)

too much blood lost = RBC lost = RBC supply lost faster that can be replaced

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62
Q

what is an example of not enough RBC produced from anemia?

A

iron-deficiency anemia

body doesn’t have enough iron = iron needed to make hemoglobin = no hemoglobin = no RBC

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63
Q

what is an example of when too many RBC are destroyed from anemia?

A

sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin turns into a different shape, crescent moon)

not enough oxygen = RBC become crescent shaped = shape is bad = crescent RBC explode easily & block stuff from being weird shaped = die often = less RBC

64
Q

what is leukocytosis?

A

increase of WBC, is a normal response to infection

65
Q

how many main groups of leukocytes are there?

A

2

66
Q

what are the 2 major categories of leukocytes?

A

granulocytes
agranuolocytes

67
Q

what are granulocytes?

A

leukocytes that have visible cytoplasmic granules

68
Q

what are the 3 types of granulocytes?

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

NEVER EAT BANANAS

69
Q

what are agranulocytes?

A

leukocytes that don’t have visible cytoplasmic granules

70
Q

what are the 2 types of agranulocytes?

A

lymphocytes
monocytes

LOVE MONKEYS

71
Q

what is the most abundant type of white blood cell?

A

neutrophils

NEVER LET MONKEYS EAT BANANAS

72
Q

what is the least abundant type of white blood cell?

A

basophils

73
Q

what is the order of most to least abundant of white blood cells?

A

neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils

NEVER LET MONKEYS EAT BANANAS

74
Q

neutrophils

granulocyte or agranulocyte?

function/description?

A

granulocytes

  • multilobed nucleus
  • very phagocytic (kills pathogens by respiratory burst)

phagocytic = cell that kill microorganisms, ingest (jeff dahmer = fag = he eats people)

respiratory burst = releasing a lot of oxygen to kill pathogens

75
Q

eosinophils

granulocyte or agranulocyte?

function/description?

A

granulocytes

  • bilobed nuceli (2 lobes, look like bug eyes)
  • releases enzymes on surface of parasite warms to kill them (eats the surface)
76
Q

basophils

granulocyte or agranulocyte?

function/description?

A

granulocyte

  • lots of dark stained granules
  • granules has histamine to attract more WBC to inflamed site
77
Q

where is histamine found and what is it?

A
  • found in dark stained granules of basophils
  • is a vasodilator (medications that open/dilate blood vessels)
  • helps attract more WBC to the inflamed site

open blood vessels = more room for WBC

78
Q

lymphocytes

granulocyte or agranulocyte?

function/description?

A

agranulocyte

  • 1 single, circular, large nucleus
  • found in lymphoid tissue & some circulating blood
  • super important for our immunity
  • 2 types (T & B cells)
79
Q

how many types of lymphocytes are there?

A

2

80
Q

what are the types of lymphocytes?

A

T (lymphocyte) Cells
B (lymphocyte) Cells

81
Q

what do T cells do?

A

they act against virus-infected & tumor cells

82
Q

what do B cells do?

A

they make antibodies & give rise to plasma cells

83
Q

monocytes

granulocyte or agranulocyte?

function/description?

A

agranulocyte

  • kidney/u shaped nucleus
  • monocyte in blood stream, when leaves to get to tissue, turns into macrophages
  • very phagocytic
  • acts against viruses, bacteria, & chronic infections
  • help activate lymphocytes to create a immune response

phagocytic = a WBC that kills stuff like bacteria
REMEMBER = lymphocyte is the only other agranulocyte

84
Q

what are macrophages?

A

when monocytes in the blood stream leave to get to tissue, they turn into macrophages

85
Q

what is leukopoiesis?

A

the formation of WBC

86
Q

how many ways is leukopoiesis stimulated?

A

2

87
Q

what are the ways leukopoiesis is stimulated?

A

1.) interleukins
2.) colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)

interleukins = proteins that initiate reactions
CSF = secreted by bone marrow to promote growth

88
Q

with a hematopoietic stem cell, when leukopoiesis happens, where does it happen and how?

A

where - in red bone marrow
how - starts off as a hematopoietic stem cell, branches off into 2 pathways

89
Q

all leukocytes come from a hematopoietic stem cell, that branches into 2 pathways, what are they?

A

1.) lymphoid stem cell line
2.) myeloid stem cell line

90
Q

what does the lymphoid stem cell line do?

A

make lymphocytes (T & B cells)

91
Q

what does the myeloid stem cell line do?

A

make up every other cell besides lymphocytes
(NMEB)

92
Q

what are precursors?

A

cells that are still evolving, still growing
NOT mature yet

93
Q

what is important to know about T & B cell precursors?

A

they mature in the thymus

94
Q

how long do lymphocytes live for?

A

few hours to a few decades

95
Q

what is leukemias?

A

overproduction of abnormal WBC

leukemias = cancer of WBC

96
Q

what is infectious mononucleosis?

A

overproduction of abnormal WBC

97
Q

what is leukopenia?

A

low WBC count
can be drug induced

penia = decreased = small penis

98
Q

what are platelets?

A

cell fragments of bigger megakaryocyte

99
Q

what are platelets also called?

A

thrombocytes

100
Q

what type of nucleus are thrombocytes?

A

anuclelate

101
Q

what is the function of thrombocytes?

A

to help stop blood loss by forming platelet plug

102
Q

what do platelets have?

A

granules

103
Q

what do granules platelets have?

A

blood clot promoting chemicals

104
Q

how is platelet formation regulated?

A

by the hormone thrombopoietin
(hormone influencing hematopoietic stem cell)

105
Q

what is hemostasis?

A

a series of steps (reactions) for stopping bleeding

106
Q

platelets have ___________ to help clot, these platelets go to places & release it

A

chemicals

107
Q

how many steps of hemostasis are there?

A

3

108
Q

what are the 3 steps of hemostasis?

A

1.) vascular spasm
2.) platelet plug formation
3.) coagulation

109
Q

what are the 3 steps of hemostasis?

A

1.) vascular spasm
2.) platelet plug formation
3.) coagulation

110
Q

what is the 1st step of hemostasis & what happens?

A

vascular spasm

  • smooth muscle contractions which causes vascoconstriction
  • contractions helps w/ reducing blood loss
  • most effective in small blood vessels (smaller diameter to easily contract)
111
Q

what is the 2nd step of hemostasis & what happens?

A

platelet plug formations

  • platelets latch onto exposed collagen fibers
    (blood vessel damaged = walls are damaged = collagen fibers are damaged = platelets latch onto these exposed collagen fibers)
  • positive feedback loop
    more platelets sticking = more chemicals released = more platelets sticking = more chemicals
112
Q

what is the 3rd step of hemostasis & what happens?

A

coagulation

  • also called blood clotting
  • reinforces platelet plug w/ fibrin threads (like sewing the plug in place)
  • occurs in 3 phases
113
Q

how many phases of coagulation are there?

A

3

114
Q

what are the phases of coagulation?

A

1.) formation of prothrombin
2.) prothrombinase (enzyme) converts prothrombin into thrombin
3.) thrombin turns into fibrinogen into fibrin (the the threads)

115
Q

what type of regulation is coagulation in hemostasis?

A

positive feedback loop

116
Q

what is a clot retraction?

A

when damaged ends of blood vessels coming together

117
Q

what happens in a clot retraction when they blood vessels come together?

A

when come together, they ooze out the gel material call serum (pus like)

118
Q

what is serum in a clot retraction?

A

plasma w/ clotting proteins

119
Q

what happens w/ time in a clot retraction?

A
  • fibroblast come into make new connective tissue
  • epithelial cells will repair vessel lining to make it look like pre injury
120
Q

what is fibrinolysis? when does it happen?

A

when leftover clots are removed
continues for several days until everything is done

happens when everything is completed (clot retraction)

121
Q

what are the 2 major types of hemostasis disorders?

A

1.) thromboembolic disorders
2.) bleeding disorders

122
Q

what are thromboembolic disorders?

A

results from undesirable clot formation

123
Q

what is a thrombus?

A

clot that starts, sticks to the wall of the blood vessel

124
Q

what is a embolus?

A

when the blood clot starts traveling around moves to other places and get stuck eventually (not good)

125
Q

what is a embolism?

A

obstruction to a blood vessel, embolus got stuck

126
Q

what do RBC have on their memebranes/surface?

A

antigens

127
Q

what are antigens for?

A

they act as identifiers

128
Q

what is another word for antigens?

A

agglutinogens

129
Q

how can we determine blood type?

A

by what type of antigen it has

130
Q

how many blood types are there?

A

4

131
Q

what are the 4 types of blood?

A

1.) type A
2.) type B
3.) type AB
4.) type O

132
Q

what does the plasma in blood have when talking about blood type?

A

anti A & anti B antibodies

133
Q

the antibodies in plasma of blood help determine what?

A

what type of blood we can receive

134
Q

what are the 2 types of antibodies in our blood plasma?

A

1.) anti A antibodies
2.) anti B antibodies

135
Q

what antibodies does it have?

type A

A

anti B antibodies

136
Q

what antibodies does it have?

type B

A

anti A antibodies

137
Q

what antibodies does it have?

type AB

A

no antibodies

138
Q

what antibodies does it have?

type O

A

anti A & anti B antibodies

139
Q

if type A has anti b antibodies, why can’t it take blood from type B?

A

b/c the anti B antibodies will attack type B blood

REMEMBER: anything anti is attacking

140
Q

what type of blood can it receive from?

type A

A

type A & O

141
Q

what type of blood can it receive from?

type B

A

type B & O

142
Q

what type of blood can it receive from?

type AB

A

EVERYONE type AB, O, A, B

143
Q

what type of blood can it receive from?

type O

A

ONLY type O

144
Q

what blood type is the universal donor?

A

type O

145
Q

what blood type is the universal receiver?

A

type AB (it has no antibodies)

146
Q

what determines if our blood is positive or negative?

A

the Rh antigen

147
Q

if our red blood cells have Rh antigen it means?

A

we are positive

148
Q

if our red blood cells DOES NOT have the Rh antigen it means?

A

we are negative

149
Q

what happens if a Rh + person receives blood from a Rh - person?

A

nothing

it’s only problem with Rh - receiving blood from Rh +

150
Q

what happens if someone Rh - receives Rh + blood?

A
  • the donor will eventually build up antibodies against Rh
  • 1st exposure = not an issue
  • 2nd exposure = an issue
151
Q

what happens if someone Rh - receives Rh + blood for the second time?

A

will result in transfusion reaction

152
Q

when does a transfusion reaction occur?

A

when mismatched blood is infused

E.X = Rh - receiving Rh + blood for the second time

153
Q

what does agglutinate mean?

A

to clump together

154
Q

what happens during a transfusion reaction?

Rh - & Rh +

A
  • the recipient (Rh-) will attack the donor (Rh+) w/ the recipients plasma agglutinins (antigens)
  • the anti A/B antibodies will agglutinate (clump together) & clog small vessels & rupture
155
Q

what results in . . .

  • the recipient (Rh-) will attack the donor (Rh+) w/ the recipients plasma agglutinins (antigens)
  • the anti A/B antibodies will agglutinate (clump together) & clog small vessels & rupture
A
  • low oxygen carrying capacity (less RBC)
  • less blood flow from clogged vessel
  • renal failure (kidney)

A & P II Lecture (21 decks)

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