Respiratory System Part B Flashcards
respiration involves ________ processes
4
what are the 4 processes of respiration?
1.) pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
2.) external respiration
3.) transport
4.) internal respiration
4 processes of respiration
which of the processes are part of the respiratory system?
1.) pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
2.) external respiration
4 processes of respiration
which of the processes are part of the circulatory system?
3.) transport
4.) internal respiration
4 processes of respiration
1.) pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
explain
movement of air in & out of the lungs
4 processes of respiration
2.) external respiration
explain
exchanging of O2 & CO2 between lungs & blood
(gas exchange)
4 processes of respiration
3.) transport
explain
transport of O2 & CO2 in blood
4 processes of respiration
4.) internal respiration
explain
exchange of O2 & CO2 between systemic blood vessels & tissues
what is atmospheric pressure (P atm)?
- pressure in the atmosphere (outside the body)
what is the unit of measurement for atmospheric pressure (P atm)?
1 atmosphere = 760 mm Hg @ sea level
2 things pulmonary ventilation consist of
1.) inspiration
2.) expiration
1.) pulmonary ventilation
what is inspiration?
gas into lungs
1.) pulmonary ventilation
what is expiration?
gas exiting lungs
4 factors affecting pulmonary ventilation
1.) pressure differences
2.) alveolar surface tension
3.) compliance of the lungs
4.) airway resistance
factors affecting pulmonary ventilation
1.) pressure differences
describe
- difference in pressure between atmosphere & pressure inside out body
- diffusion = high to low = we need atmosphere to be high in pressure so we can breath in
factors affecting pulmonary ventilation
2.) alveolar surface tension
describe
- always want to make sure alveolar have some air so they never fully collapse
- surfactant helps prevent them from collapsing
factors affecting pulmonary ventilation
3.) compliance of the lungs
describe
- means how much “stretch” the lung has
- high lung compliance = easier to expand the lungs
factors affecting pulmonary ventilation
4.) air way resistance
describe
- same idea as resistance in blood vessels
- decrease diameter of airway (constrict) = increase resistance = decrease gas flow
- vice versa = dilate diameter (increase) = decrease resistance = increase gas flow
- influenced by ANS (sympathetic & parasympathetic)
pulmonary ventilation
what is diffusion?
gases goes from areas from higher pressure —> to lower pressure
pulmonary ventilation - inhalation
what condition must be met for air to enter our lungs during inhalation?
our atmosphere pressure has to be higher than pressure in our lungs
pulmonary ventilation - inhalation
why does the pressure in the atmosphere have to be higher than the pressure in our lungs for us to take a breath?
b/c diffusion areas of high pressure go to lower pressure, so air will move from the area of higher pressure (atmosphere) to the area of lower pressure (lungs)
pulmonary ventilation - inhalation
how do our lungs decrease pressure and increase volume to facilitate air diffusion during inhalation?
our lungs expand to decrease pressure and increase volume, which creates a lower pressure in the lungs that allows air to flow in using our muscles (diaphragm)
pulmonary ventilation
what are the 2 primary muscles involved in inhalation?
1.) diaphragm
2.) external intercostals
pulmonary ventilation
what 4 muscles are used during labored breathing, in addition to the diaphragm and external intercostals?
1.) scalene
2.) sternocleidomastoid
3.) erector spinae
4.) pectoralis minor
pulmonary ventilation
how does the diaphragm contribute to active inspiration?
- diaphragm contracts = it flattens = increases volume of thoracic cavity = pulls on lungs to expand their volume = decrease pressure inside the lungs to take a breath in
- this results in increase of thoracic volume
pulmonary ventilation
how do the external intercostal muscles contribute to active inspiration?
- when the external intercostal muscles contract, the rib cage is lifted up and out, resulting in an increase in thoracic volume
pulmonary ventilation
what happens to the intrapulmonary pressure when the thoracic cavity volume increases during inspiration?
- intrapulmonary pressure drops
- aka pressure inside lungs
pulmonary ventilation
what is the role of the erector spinae muscles during forced inspiration?
- erector spinae muscles of the back help to straighten the thoracic curvature and further increase the thoracic cage size, creating a larger pressure gradient so more air is drawn in
pulmonary ventilation
what is Boyle’s law?
the relationship between pressure & volume of a gas
pulmonary ventilation
2 principles of Boyle’s law
1.) gases always fill the container they are in
2.) in a closed container pressure & volume are inversely related (if we decrease volume of container, we can increase the pressure & vice versa)
pulmonary ventilation
when we want to take a breath, what happens to the pressure within our thoracic cavity as a result of our muscles contracting to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity?
- pressure within our thoracic cavity decreases as a result of our muscles contracting to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity, according to Boyle’s Law
- this decrease in pressure creates a pressure gradient between the air outside of our body and the air inside of our lungs, causing air to rush into our lungs, allowing us to inhale
pulmonary ventilation - expiration
what 3 muscles are involved in forced expiration?
1.) oblique
2.) transverse abdominal muscles
3.) internal intercostal muscles
- these muscles work together to decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity, increasing the pressure within our lungs and causing air to be expelled from our lungs, allowing us to exhale forcefully
pulmonary ventilation - expiration
describe the process of exhalation, including the changes in volume and pressure that occur
- diaphragm passively recoils back to its dome shape, which decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity
- this decrease in volume causes the volume inside the lungs to decrease, which in turn increases the pressure within the lungs, causing air to be expelled and allowing us to breathe out
- if we want to exhale more forcefully, we can use the abdominals and internal intercostal muscles
- these muscles work together to further decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity, increasing the pressure within the lungs and allowing us to exhale more forcefully
name 4 respiratory volumes
1.) tidal volume (TV)
2.) inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
3.) expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
4.) residual volume (RV)
respiratory volumes
1.) tidal volume (TV)
define
- normal air volume in & out in everyday breathing
respiratory volumes
2.) inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
define
- how much air can be breathed in after tidal volume
respiratory volumes
3.) expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
define
- amount of that can be exhaled forcibly beyond tidal volume
respiratory volumes
4.) residual volume (RV)
define
- amount of air that always remain in the lung
- needed to keep alveoli open ALWAYS
- we never exhale everything we have
4 respiratory capacities
1.) inspiratory capacity (IC)
2.) functional residual capacity (FRC)
3.) vital capacity (VC)
4.) total lung capacity (TLC)
respiratory capacities
1.) inspiratory capacity (IC)
explain & provide equation
- how much lungs can inspire period
- TV + IRV = IC
respiratory capacities
2.) functional residual capacity (FRC)
explain & provide equation
- volume remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation
- RV + ERV = FRC
respiratory capacities
3.) vital capacity (VC)
explain & provide equation
- amount of air that can be displaced by the lungs w/ a maximal ventilatory effort
- Vital capacity is how much air your lungs can hold and use effectively. When you take a deep breath and then exhale as much as you can, that is your vital capacity
- TV + IRV + ERV = VC
respiratory capacities
4.) total lung capacity (TLC)
explain & provide equation
- total amount of air our lungs can hold
- TV + IRV + ERV + RV = TLC
2 places gas exchange occur
1.) between lungs & blood
2.) between blood & tissues
gas exchange
what is external respiration?
- diffusion of gases between blood & lungs
gas exchange
what is internal respiration?
- diffusion of gases between blood & tissues
what is Dalton’s law of partial pressure?
- total pressure = sum of ALL partial pressures
- partial pressure - individual pressure of gas in a mixture
what is Henry’s law?
- amount of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to both the
1.) partial pressure of the gas
2.) its solubility (ability to dissolve in the solution) - higher the partial pressure and solubility of the gas = easier it is for the gas to be dissolved in our plasma
- In simpler terms, it means that the more pressure applied to a gas, the more of it will dissolve in a liquid.
external respiration @ lungs
external respiration (pulmonary gas exchange) involves the exchange of which gases across respiratory membranes?
- process by which O2 and CO2 are exchanged between the air in our lungs and our bloodstream
- exchange occurs across respiratory membranes, which are thin and highly permeable to gases.
- during external respiration, oxygen from the air in our lungs diffuses into our bloodstream, while carbon dioxide from our bloodstream diffuses into the air in our lungs to be exhaled
external respiration @ lungs influence by 3 things
1.) pressure gradients & solubilities
explain
during external respiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide move between the air in our lungs and our bloodstream. The movement of these gases depends on differences in pressure between the air and the bloodstream, as well as the ability of the gases to dissolve in blood plasma. When the pressure of oxygen in the air is higher than in the bloodstream, oxygen moves into the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide moves in the opposite direction. Oxygen has a low ability to dissolve in blood plasma, so it mostly binds to red blood cells for transport, while carbon dioxide can dissolve in both plasma and bind to red blood cells.
external respiration @ lungs influence by 3 things
2.) thickness & surface area of respiratory membrane
explain
- purposely very thin so gas exchange can happen
- surface area is large , lots of alveoli for more gas exchange
external respiration @ lungs influence by 3 things
3.) ventilation perfusion coupling
explain
- ventilation = air flow
- perfusion = blood flow
- want these 2 things in alignment, as well as speed
SIMPLE TERM:
When we breathe in air, we also need to get the oxygen from that air into our blood so it can travel around our body and help us do things like run and play. To do this, the lungs have tiny sacs called alveoli that let oxygen from the air go into our blood and carbon dioxide from our blood go out into the air. But for this to work, the air we breathe in needs to match up with the blood that goes to these little sacs. Think of it like a puzzle: we need to make sure the right pieces fit together so the puzzle looks right.
The lungs have ways to make sure that the air we breathe in and the blood that goes to the alveoli match up properly. This helps us get the oxygen we need into our blood and get rid of the carbon dioxide we don’t need. If the lungs don’t match up the air and blood correctly, we might feel short of breath or not have enough energy to play.
what are the partial pressure differences for oxygen and carbon dioxide in external respiration?
during external respiration, oxygen moves from the air in the lungs into the blood, while carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the lungs. This happens because the oxygen pressure in the air of the lungs is higher than the oxygen pressure in the blood, and the carbon dioxide pressure in the blood is higher than in the lungs.
SIMPLE TERMS:
during external respiration, oxygen moves from the lungs into the blood because there’s more oxygen in the lungs than in the blood. At the same time, carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the lungs to be breathed out because there’s more carbon dioxide in the blood than in the lungs.
what are the partial pressure differences for oxygen and carbon dioxide in internal respiration?
during internal respiration, oxygen moves from the blood into the tissues, while carbon dioxide moves from the tissues into the blood. This happens because the oxygen pressure is higher in the blood than in the tissues, and the carbon dioxide pressure is higher in the tissues than in the blood.
SIMPLE TERMS:
during internal respiration, oxygen moves from the blood into the tissues because there’s more oxygen in the blood than in the tissues. Carbon dioxide from the tissues moves into the blood because there’s more carbon dioxide in the tissues than in the blood, and it needs to be carried back to the lungs to be breathed out.
