Final Exam Cumulative Flashcards
endocrine system
what is a hormone?
a mediator molecule that is released in 1 part of the body
endocrine system
what is a hormone’s functions?
regulates activity of cells in other parts of the body
they are released into blood to circulate in body until they get to a target cell
endocrine system
How does the nervous system operate
It sends nerve impulses by neurotransmitter
endocrine system
How does the endocrine system operate
It releases hormones from 1 place of the body to a target organ/cell
endocrine system
What is permissive effect
1 hormone can only work if another one is there.
E.X reproductive hormones need thyroid hormone to have effect
endocrine system
What synergistic effect
There are multiple same hormones producing the same effect on the target cell,making it amplified .
E.X- glucagon and epinephrine both cause liver to release glucose
endocrine system
What is Antagonistic effect
when 1 hormone cancels out the other hormone.E.X - insulin and glucagon
endocrine system
What cells of the pancreas produce insulin
Beta cells
endocrine system
Which cells of the pancreas produce glucagon
Alpha cells
endocrine system
How does insulin lower blood glucose levels
pancreas produces insulin
insulin tells liver to make glycogen
Glycogen is released to lower levels
endocrine system
What is insulin activity of type 1 diabetes?
hypo secretion of insulin (too little insulin produces) and genetics
endocrine system
What is the insulin activity of type II diabetes?
hypo activity of insulin (a lot of insulin but not working) and is based on lifestyle choices
endocrine system
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________.
A.) Hormones
B.) Antibodies
C.) proteins
D.) Enzymes
A.) Hormones
endocrine system
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________.
A.)The membrane potential of the cells of the target organ
B.)Nothing—all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific
C.)The presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
D.)The location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path
C.) The presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
endocrine system
The effect of a hormone on a target cell may be decreased by the presence of ________.
A.) Antagonistic hormones
B.) Permissive hormones
C.) Plasma membrane receptors
D.) Synergistic hormones
A.) Antagonistic hormones
endocrine system
Which of the following is INCORRECT in regards to how the Nervous versus Endocrine System achieves its’ function?
A.) The endocrine system can elicit lingering effects
B.) The nervous system elicits a fast response
C.) The nervous system elicits a brief effect
D.) The endocrine system utilizes neurotransmitters
D.) The endocrine system utilizes neurotransmitters
endocrine system
True or False: If a hormone cannot interact with its’ target cell receptors, it will still be able to find a way to perform its’ function.
FALSE
endocrine system
When one hormone cannot exert its’ effects without another specific hormone being present, this is called a _____ effect.
A.)Synergistic
B.) Permissive
C.) Symbiotic
D.) Antagonistic
B.) Permissive
endocrine system
____ cells of the Pancreas are responsible for the production of insulin.
A.) Alpha Cells
B.) Omega Cells
C.) Delta Cells
D.) Beta Cells
D.) Beta Cells
endocrine system
Insulin is secreted when blood glucose levels ________.
A.) Decrease
B .)Stay the same – there is a constant release of insulin
C.) Increase
C.) Increase
endocrine system
True or False: Type 1 Diabetes results from a Hypoactivity of Insulin.
FALSE
endocrine system
All of the following are three cardinal signs of Diabetes, EXCEPT:
A.) Excessive Thirst
B.) A Huge urine output
C.) Decreased hunger
D.) Excessive Hunger
C.) Decreased hunger
blood/blood typing
What is the composition of blood? (4)
1.) Plasma 55% of blood
2.) Buffy coat
3.) Leukocytes & platelets <1%
4.) Erythrocytes 45% of blood
blood/blood typing
what is a hematocrit?
the % of RBC in a whole blood sample
blood/blood typing
How does a sample of whole blood looks after it has been sent through a centrifuge?
1.) plasma = on top
2.) buffy coat = in middle
3.) erythrocytes = on bottom
blood/blood typing
Know the general structure of hemoglobin (3)
1.) biconcave shape = more surface area for exchange
2.) lots of hemoglobin (97 % of cell) = Hb is what oxygen binds to
3.) they don’t have mitochondria
blood/blood typing
What is the oxygen carrying capacity for hemoglobin?
4 oxygen
blood/blood typing
What are the 3 groups of causes of anemia?
1.) blood loss-hemorrhagic anemia (means rapid blood loss)too much blood lost = RBC lost = RBC supply lost faster that can be replaced
2.) not enough RBC produced-iron-deficiency anemia body doesn’t have enough iron = iron needed to make hemoglobin = no hemoglobin = no RBC
3.) too many RBC being destroyed-sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin turns into a different shape, crescent moon)not enough oxygen = RBC become crescent shaped = shape is bad = crescent RBC explode easily & block stuff from being weird shaped = die often = less RBC
blood/blood typing
Know human blood groups / typing under ABO and Rh.
1.) type A- Anti B antibodies
2.) type B- Anti A antibodies
3.) type AB- No antibodies
4.) type O- Anti A and and B antibodies
blood/blood typing
Understand what would happen if you had a certain blood type and received a transfusion from a different type.
the recipient (Rh-) will attack the donor (Rh+) w/ the recipients plasma agglutinins (antigens)- the anti A/B antibodies will agglutinate (clump together) & clog small vessels & rupture
blood/blood typing
Which of the following is NOT a formed element of the blood?
A.) Neutrophils
B.) Erythrocytes
C.)Plasma
D.)Platelets
C. Plasma
blood/blood typing
A measure of ____ is the percent of blood volume that is red blood cells out of a whole blood sample.
A.) Blood Panel
B.) Hematocrit
C.) Complete Blood Count
D.) Hemoglobin
B. Hematocrit
blood/blood typing
You take a blood sample & place it through a centrifuge. Which of the following would be an abnormal finding for % of each component?
A.) Erythrocyte 45%
B.) WBCs and Platelets <1%
C.) Erythrocyte 25 %
D.) Plasma 55%
C.) Erythrocyte 25%
blood/blood typing
There are Millions of Hemoglobin Molecules on Each Red Blood Cell. Each Hemoglobin Molecule Can Carry Up to ____ Oxygen Molecules.
A.) 6
B.) 8
C.) Millions
D.) 4
D.) 4
blood/blood typing
Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of Anemia?
A.) Unable to produce enough RBC’s
B.) Blood Doping
C.) Blood Loss
D.) Too many RBCs destroyed
B.) Blood Doping
blood/blood typing
_________ on the surface of Red Blood Cells determine the ABO classification type.
A.) Agglutinins
B.) None of these answers are correct
C.) Antigens
D.) Antibodies
C.) Antigens
blood/blood typing
Someone who has Type B blood would be INCOMPATIBLE with receiving which of the following blood types?
A.) A & AB
B.) B
C.) B & O
D.) O
A.) A & AB
blood/blood typing
If you have Type O blood, what blood types would be compatible for you to receive in the case of a blood transfusion?
A.) None of these
B.) Type B
C.) Type A
D.)Type AB
A.) None of these
cardiovascular
function of pulmonary veins
they take oxygenated blood from lungs to the heart (away = arteries but pulmonary its opposite)
cardiovascular
function of pulmonary arteries
they take deoxygenated blood from the right side of heart to the lungs (away = arteries but pulmonary its opposite)
cardiovascular
what type of blood does the right atrium receive?
deoxygenated blood
cardiovascular
how does the right atrium receive blood?
it receives blood from 3 holes
cardiovascular
what 3 holes does the right atrium receive from?
1.) superior vena cava
2.) inferior vena cava
3.) coronary sinus
cardiovascular
after the right atrium receives blood, what does it go through to?
blood goes through the right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)
cardiovascular
what are the steps of the right side of the heart?
right atrium receives blood (3)→ through right AV → into right ventricle → pushed up to pulmonary semilunar valve → through pulmonary trunk → pumped into pulmonary arteries → out to the lungs for oxygen
cardiovascular
what do veins do?
carry deoxygenated blood
cardiovascular
what does the left side of the heart do?
carries oxygenated blood to the whole body
cardiovascular
what are the steps of the left side of the heart?
lungs have oxygenated blood → oxygenated blood goes to pulmonary veins → pulmonary veins carry blood into left atrium → blood in left atrium goes through left AV (mitral, bicuspid valve) → blood goes into left ventricle → blood gets pushed up into aortic semilunar valve & up to the aorta → aorta brings oxygenated blood throughout the entire body
cardiovascular
what is another word for left AV?
mitral/bicuspid valve
cardiovascular
what is the cardiac conduction system?
how the heart beats (contracts) using cells, nodes, & signals (without the nervous system) each time your heart beats, all the electrical signals travel through your heart
cardiovascular
what is the steps of the conduction pathway throughout the heart? (5)
1.) the SA node (sinoatrial node)
2.) the AV node (atrioventricular node)
3.) the AV bundle (atrioventricular bundle/bundle of His)
4.) the bundle branches (left & right)
5.) the Purkinje fibers (subendocardial conducting network)
cardiovascular
describe the conduction pathway throughout the heart the order of steps/structures, location, function
1.) the SA node
- this is in the right atrium
- fires off the signal to be sent out (generates the impulse)
- also called the “pacemaker” b/c it sets the heart beat
- sends impulses inside the right atrium, crosses across the interatrial (atrium) septum to the left atrium & also to the AV node
2.) the AV node
- the signal from the SA node travels across the right atrium to the AV node (also in right atrium)
3.) the AV bundle/bundle of His
- the signal from the AV node (right ventricle) goes to the AV bundle (in the interventrical septum) (inter = between, ventrical = ventricle, septum)
4.) the bundle branches
- split into left & right
- still in the interventricular septum
5.) the Purkinje fibers
- signal from the bundle branches hit the fibers (on the apex of the heart) and the fibers bring signal up & around the bottom sides of the heart (the ventricular walls)
KNOW - the SA node contracts to push blood down into the ventricles, then the bottom squeezes blood (branches/fibers) to push blood up into the pulmonary trunk, aorta, or lungs
cardiovascular
what is an electrocardiogram/ECG/EKG? what does it measure?
a graphic recording of all electrical activity of the heart, including all action potentials (the 4 steps)
cardiovascular
what is the P wave in a EKG represent?
the atrial depolarization, followed by the atrial contraction
cardiovascular
what does the QRS complex in a EKG represent? what is happening at the same time?
the ventricular depolarization, followed by the ventricular contraction at the same time, atrial repolarization is also occurring (atrial relaxation)
cardiovascular
what does the T wave in a EKG represent?
the ventricular repolarization (ventricles relaxing)
cardiovascular
what does the P-R interval in a EKG represent?
the beginning of atrial excitation → to the beginning of ventricular excitation THINK: atrial excitation is the innervation of the SA node & the nerves of the atrium chambers to generate the contraction of these chambers to push the blood into the ventricles
cardiovascular
what does the S-T segment in a EKG represent?
all of the ventricular myocardium depolarizing (contracting) completing/the interval between depolarization and repolarization of the ventricles/
cardiovascular
what does the Q-T interval in a EKG represent?
the beginning of ventricular depolarization → to the end of ventricular repolarization
cardiovascular
what represents atrial depolarization (contraction) on a EKG?
the P wave
cardiovascular
what represents ventricular depolarization (contraction) as well as atrial repolarization (relaxation) on a EKG?
QRS complex
cardiovascular
what represents ventricular repolarization (ventricles relaxing) on a EKG?
the T wave
cardiovascular
what represents the beginning of atrial excitation → to the beginning of ventricular excitation on a EKG?
the P-R interval
cardiovascular
what represents all of the ventricular myocardium depolarizing (contracting) completing/the interval between depolarization and repolarization of the ventricles on a EKG?
the S-T segment
cardiovascular
what represents the beginning of ventricular depolarization → to the end of ventricular repolarization on a EKG?
the Q-T interview
respiratory
describe the process of exhalation, including the changes in volume and pressure that occur
diaphragm passively recoils back to its dome shape, which decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity
- this decrease in volume causes the volume inside the lungs to decrease, which in turn increases the pressure within the lungs, causing air to be expelled and allowing us to breathe out
- if we want to exhale more forcefully, we can use the abdominals and internal intercostal muscles
- these muscles work together to further decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity, increasing the pressure within the lungs and allowing us to exhale more forcefully
digestive
All of the following are organs which are part of the Alimentary Canal except?
A.) Gallbladder
B.) Esophagus
C.) Stomach
D.) Mouth
A.) Gallbladder
