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A & P II Lecture > Final Exam Cumulative > Flashcards

Final Exam Cumulative Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine system

what is a hormone?

A

a mediator molecule that is released in 1 part of the body

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2
Q

endocrine system

what is a hormone’s functions?

A

regulates activity of cells in other parts of the body

they are released into blood to circulate in body until they get to a target cell

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3
Q

endocrine system

How does the nervous system operate

A

It sends nerve impulses by neurotransmitter

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4
Q

endocrine system

How does the endocrine system operate

A

It releases hormones from 1 place of the body to a target organ/cell

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5
Q

endocrine system

What is permissive effect

A

1 hormone can only work if another one is there.

E.X reproductive hormones need thyroid hormone to have effect

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6
Q

endocrine system

What synergistic effect

A

There are multiple same hormones producing the same effect on the target cell,making it amplified .

E.X- glucagon and epinephrine both cause liver to release glucose

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7
Q

endocrine system

What is Antagonistic effect

A

when 1 hormone cancels out the other hormone.E.X - insulin and glucagon

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8
Q

endocrine system

What cells of the pancreas produce insulin

A

Beta cells

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9
Q

endocrine system

Which cells of the pancreas produce glucagon

A

Alpha cells

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10
Q

endocrine system

How does insulin lower blood glucose levels

A

pancreas produces insulin
insulin tells liver to make glycogen
Glycogen is released to lower levels

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11
Q

endocrine system

What is insulin activity of type 1 diabetes?

A

hypo secretion of insulin (too little insulin produces) and genetics

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12
Q

endocrine system

What is the insulin activity of type II diabetes?

A

hypo activity of insulin (a lot of insulin but not working) and is based on lifestyle choices

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13
Q

endocrine system

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________.

A.) Hormones
B.) Antibodies
C.) proteins
D.) Enzymes

A

A.) Hormones

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14
Q

endocrine system

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________.

A.)The membrane potential of the cells of the target organ
B.)Nothing—all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific
C.)The presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
D.)The location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path

A

C.) The presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

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15
Q

endocrine system

The effect of a hormone on a target cell may be decreased by the presence of ________.

A.) Antagonistic hormones
B.) Permissive hormones
C.) Plasma membrane receptors
D.) Synergistic hormones

A

A.) Antagonistic hormones

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16
Q

endocrine system

Which of the following is INCORRECT in regards to how the Nervous versus Endocrine System achieves its’ function?

A.) The endocrine system can elicit lingering effects
B.) The nervous system elicits a fast response
C.) The nervous system elicits a brief effect
D.) The endocrine system utilizes neurotransmitters

A

D.) The endocrine system utilizes neurotransmitters

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17
Q

endocrine system

True or False: If a hormone cannot interact with its’ target cell receptors, it will still be able to find a way to perform its’ function.

A

FALSE

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18
Q

endocrine system

When one hormone cannot exert its’ effects without another specific hormone being present, this is called a _____ effect.

A.)Synergistic
B.) Permissive
C.) Symbiotic
D.) Antagonistic

A

B.) Permissive

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19
Q

endocrine system

____ cells of the Pancreas are responsible for the production of insulin.

A.) Alpha Cells
B.) Omega Cells
C.) Delta Cells
D.) Beta Cells

A

D.) Beta Cells

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20
Q

endocrine system

Insulin is secreted when blood glucose levels ________.

A.) Decrease
B .)Stay the same – there is a constant release of insulin
C.) Increase

A

C.) Increase

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21
Q

endocrine system

True or False: Type 1 Diabetes results from a Hypoactivity of Insulin.

A

FALSE

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22
Q

endocrine system

All of the following are three cardinal signs of Diabetes, EXCEPT:

A.) Excessive Thirst
B.) A Huge urine output
C.) Decreased hunger
D.) Excessive Hunger

A

C.) Decreased hunger

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23
Q

blood/blood typing

What is the composition of blood? (4)

A

1.) Plasma 55% of blood
2.) Buffy coat
3.) Leukocytes & platelets <1%
4.) Erythrocytes 45% of blood

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24
Q

blood/blood typing

what is a hematocrit?

A

the % of RBC in a whole blood sample

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25
Q

blood/blood typing

How does a sample of whole blood looks after it has been sent through a centrifuge?

A

1.) plasma = on top
2.) buffy coat = in middle
3.) erythrocytes = on bottom

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26
Q

blood/blood typing

Know the general structure of hemoglobin (3)

A

1.) biconcave shape = more surface area for exchange
2.) lots of hemoglobin (97 % of cell) = Hb is what oxygen binds to
3.) they don’t have mitochondria

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27
Q

blood/blood typing

What is the oxygen carrying capacity for hemoglobin?

A

4 oxygen

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28
Q

blood/blood typing

What are the 3 groups of causes of anemia?

A

1.) blood loss-hemorrhagic anemia (means rapid blood loss)too much blood lost = RBC lost = RBC supply lost faster that can be replaced

2.) not enough RBC produced-iron-deficiency anemia body doesn’t have enough iron = iron needed to make hemoglobin = no hemoglobin = no RBC

3.) too many RBC being destroyed-sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin turns into a different shape, crescent moon)not enough oxygen = RBC become crescent shaped = shape is bad = crescent RBC explode easily & block stuff from being weird shaped = die often = less RBC

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29
Q

blood/blood typing

Know human blood groups / typing under ABO and Rh.

A

1.) type A- Anti B antibodies
2.) type B- Anti A antibodies
3.) type AB- No antibodies
4.) type O- Anti A and and B antibodies

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30
Q

blood/blood typing

Understand what would happen if you had a certain blood type and received a transfusion from a different type.

A

the recipient (Rh-) will attack the donor (Rh+) w/ the recipients plasma agglutinins (antigens)- the anti A/B antibodies will agglutinate (clump together) & clog small vessels & rupture

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31
Q

blood/blood typing

Which of the following is NOT a formed element of the blood?

A.) Neutrophils
B.) Erythrocytes
C.)Plasma
D.)Platelets

A

C. Plasma

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32
Q

blood/blood typing

A measure of ____ is the percent of blood volume that is red blood cells out of a whole blood sample.

A.) Blood Panel
B.) Hematocrit
C.) Complete Blood Count
D.) Hemoglobin

A

B. Hematocrit

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33
Q

blood/blood typing

You take a blood sample & place it through a centrifuge. Which of the following would be an abnormal finding for % of each component?

A.) Erythrocyte 45%
B.) WBCs and Platelets <1%
C.) Erythrocyte 25 %
D.) Plasma 55%

A

C.) Erythrocyte 25%

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34
Q

blood/blood typing

There are Millions of Hemoglobin Molecules on Each Red Blood Cell. Each Hemoglobin Molecule Can Carry Up to ____ Oxygen Molecules.

A.) 6
B.) 8
C.) Millions
D.) 4

A

D.) 4

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35
Q

blood/blood typing

Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of Anemia?

A.) Unable to produce enough RBC’s
B.) Blood Doping
C.) Blood Loss
D.) Too many RBCs destroyed

A

B.) Blood Doping

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36
Q

blood/blood typing

_________ on the surface of Red Blood Cells determine the ABO classification type.

A.) Agglutinins
B.) None of these answers are correct
C.) Antigens
D.) Antibodies

A

C.) Antigens

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37
Q

blood/blood typing

Someone who has Type B blood would be INCOMPATIBLE with receiving which of the following blood types?

A.) A & AB
B.) B
C.) B & O
D.) O

A

A.) A & AB

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38
Q

blood/blood typing

If you have Type O blood, what blood types would be compatible for you to receive in the case of a blood transfusion?

A.) None of these
B.) Type B
C.) Type A
D.)Type AB

A

A.) None of these

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39
Q

cardiovascular

function of pulmonary veins

A

they take oxygenated blood from lungs to the heart (away = arteries but pulmonary its opposite)

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40
Q

cardiovascular

function of pulmonary arteries

A

they take deoxygenated blood from the right side of heart to the lungs (away = arteries but pulmonary its opposite)

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41
Q

cardiovascular

what type of blood does the right atrium receive?

A

deoxygenated blood

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42
Q

cardiovascular

how does the right atrium receive blood?

A

it receives blood from 3 holes

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43
Q

cardiovascular

what 3 holes does the right atrium receive from?

A

1.) superior vena cava
2.) inferior vena cava
3.) coronary sinus

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44
Q

cardiovascular

after the right atrium receives blood, what does it go through to?

A

blood goes through the right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)

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45
Q

cardiovascular

what are the steps of the right side of the heart?

A

right atrium receives blood (3)→ through right AV → into right ventricle → pushed up to pulmonary semilunar valve → through pulmonary trunk → pumped into pulmonary arteries → out to the lungs for oxygen

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46
Q

cardiovascular

what do veins do?

A

carry deoxygenated blood

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47
Q

cardiovascular

what does the left side of the heart do?

A

carries oxygenated blood to the whole body

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48
Q

cardiovascular

what are the steps of the left side of the heart?

A

lungs have oxygenated blood → oxygenated blood goes to pulmonary veins → pulmonary veins carry blood into left atrium → blood in left atrium goes through left AV (mitral, bicuspid valve) → blood goes into left ventricle → blood gets pushed up into aortic semilunar valve & up to the aorta → aorta brings oxygenated blood throughout the entire body

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49
Q

cardiovascular

what is another word for left AV?

A

mitral/bicuspid valve

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50
Q

cardiovascular

what is the cardiac conduction system?

A

how the heart beats (contracts) using cells, nodes, & signals (without the nervous system) each time your heart beats, all the electrical signals travel through your heart

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51
Q

cardiovascular

what is the steps of the conduction pathway throughout the heart? (5)

A

1.) the SA node (sinoatrial node)
2.) the AV node (atrioventricular node)
3.) the AV bundle (atrioventricular bundle/bundle of His)
4.) the bundle branches (left & right)
5.) the Purkinje fibers (subendocardial conducting network)

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52
Q

cardiovascular

describe the conduction pathway throughout the heart the order of steps/structures, location, function

A

1.) the SA node
- this is in the right atrium
- fires off the signal to be sent out (generates the impulse)
- also called the “pacemaker” b/c it sets the heart beat
- sends impulses inside the right atrium, crosses across the interatrial (atrium) septum to the left atrium & also to the AV node
2.) the AV node
- the signal from the SA node travels across the right atrium to the AV node (also in right atrium)
3.) the AV bundle/bundle of His
- the signal from the AV node (right ventricle) goes to the AV bundle (in the interventrical septum) (inter = between, ventrical = ventricle, septum)
4.) the bundle branches
- split into left & right
- still in the interventricular septum
5.) the Purkinje fibers
- signal from the bundle branches hit the fibers (on the apex of the heart) and the fibers bring signal up & around the bottom sides of the heart (the ventricular walls)
KNOW - the SA node contracts to push blood down into the ventricles, then the bottom squeezes blood (branches/fibers) to push blood up into the pulmonary trunk, aorta, or lungs

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53
Q

cardiovascular

what is an electrocardiogram/ECG/EKG? what does it measure?

A

a graphic recording of all electrical activity of the heart, including all action potentials (the 4 steps)

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54
Q

cardiovascular

what is the P wave in a EKG represent?

A

the atrial depolarization, followed by the atrial contraction

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55
Q

cardiovascular

what does the QRS complex in a EKG represent? what is happening at the same time?

A

the ventricular depolarization, followed by the ventricular contraction at the same time, atrial repolarization is also occurring (atrial relaxation)

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56
Q

cardiovascular

what does the T wave in a EKG represent?

A

the ventricular repolarization (ventricles relaxing)

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57
Q

cardiovascular

what does the P-R interval in a EKG represent?

A

the beginning of atrial excitation → to the beginning of ventricular excitation THINK: atrial excitation is the innervation of the SA node & the nerves of the atrium chambers to generate the contraction of these chambers to push the blood into the ventricles

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58
Q

cardiovascular

what does the S-T segment in a EKG represent?

A

all of the ventricular myocardium depolarizing (contracting) completing/the interval between depolarization and repolarization of the ventricles/

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59
Q

cardiovascular

what does the Q-T interval in a EKG represent?

A

the beginning of ventricular depolarization → to the end of ventricular repolarization

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60
Q

cardiovascular

what represents atrial depolarization (contraction) on a EKG?

A

the P wave

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61
Q

cardiovascular

what represents ventricular depolarization (contraction) as well as atrial repolarization (relaxation) on a EKG?

A

QRS complex

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62
Q

cardiovascular

what represents ventricular repolarization (ventricles relaxing) on a EKG?

A

the T wave

63
Q

cardiovascular

what represents the beginning of atrial excitation → to the beginning of ventricular excitation on a EKG?

A

the P-R interval

64
Q

cardiovascular

what represents all of the ventricular myocardium depolarizing (contracting) completing/the interval between depolarization and repolarization of the ventricles on a EKG?

A

the S-T segment

65
Q

cardiovascular

what represents the beginning of ventricular depolarization → to the end of ventricular repolarization on a EKG?

A

the Q-T interview

66
Q

cardiovascular

Pulmonary Arteries carry ___________ blood to __________.

A.) Oxygenated; Lungs
B.) Oxygenated; Left Atrium
C.) Deoxygenated; Lungs
D.)Deoxygenated; Left Atrium

A

C.) Deoxygenated; Lungs

67
Q

cardiovascular

Pulmonary Veins carry ___________ blood to __________.

A.) Oxygenated; Lungs
B.) Deoxygenated; Lungs
C.) Deoxygenated; Heart
D.) Oxygenated; Heart

A

D.) Oxygenated; Heart

68
Q

cardiovascular

Fill in the blanks below for blood flow through the Right Side of the Heart:
Right Atrium → ____________ → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Semilunar Valve → Pulmonary Trunk –> __________ → Lungs

A.) Bicuspid Valve; Pulmonary Veins
B.) Right Atrioventricular valve; Pulmonary Arteries
C.) Bicuspid Valve; Pulmonary Arteries
D.) Right Atrioventricular Valve; Pulmonary Veins

A

B.) Right Atrioventricular valve; Pulmonary Arteries

69
Q

cardiovascular

Fill in the blanks below for blood flow through the Left Side of the Heart:
Lungs → ___________ → Left Atrium → Left Atrioventricular Valve → Left Ventricle → Aortic Semilunar Valve → _______ → Systemic Circulation

A.) Pulmonary Arteries; Aorta
B.) Pulmonary Arteries; Pulmonary Trunk
C.) Pulmonary Veins; Pulmonary Trunk
D.)Pulmonary Veins; Aorta

A

D.) Pulmonary Veins; Aorta

70
Q

cardiovascular

Starting with the SA Node, which of the following is the correct sequence (in order) of autorhythmic fibers in the heart?

A.) SA Node → AV Node → AV Bundle → Purkinje Fibers → Right and Left Bundle Branches
B.) SA Node → AV Bundle → AV Node → Purkinje Fibers → Right and Left Bundle Branches
C.) SA Node → AV Node → AV Bundle → Right and Left Bundle Branches → Purkinje Fibers
D.) SA Node → AV Node → Purkinje Fibers → AV Bundle → Right and Left Bundle Branches

A

C.) SA Node → AV Node → AV Bundle → Right and Left Bundle Branches → Purkinje Fibers

71
Q

cardiovascular

An Electrocardiogram measures _______

A.) The mechanical events of the heart
B.) All of the action potentials occurring in the heart at a given time
C.) One action potential at a given time within the heart
D.) The conduction in one region of the heart

A

B.) All of the action potentials occurring in the heart at a given time

72
Q

cardiovascular

What is the P Wave?

A.) Ventricular Depolarization
B.) Beginning of Ventricular Depolarization
C.) Depolarization of SA Node
D.) Ventricular Repolarization

A

C.) Depolarization of SA Node

73
Q

cardiovascular

What is the QRS Complex?

A.) Ventricular Depolarization
B.) Ventricular Repolarization
C.) Beginning of Atrial Excitation
D.) Depolarization of SA Node

A

A.)Ventricular Depolarization

74
Q

cardiovascular

What is the P-R Interval?

A.)Ventricular Depolarization
B.) Beginning of Atrial Excitation to beginning of Ventricular Excitation
C.) Depolarization of SA Node
D.)Ventricular Repolarization

A

B.) Beginning of Atrial Excitation to beginning of Ventricular Excitation

75
Q

cardiovascular

What is the Q-T Interval?

A.) Beginning of Atrial Excitation to beginning of Ventricular Excitation
B.) Depolarization of SA Node
C.) Ventricular Repolarization
D.) Beginning of Ventricular Depolarization through Ventricular Repolarization

A

D.) Beginning of Ventricular Depolarization through Ventricular Repolarization

76
Q

blood vessels/circulatory

what is hypertension? include BP #

A

sustained elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 mm Hg or higher

77
Q

blood vessels/circulatory

what is hypotension? include BP #

A

low BP below 90/60 mm Hg

78
Q

blood vessels/circulatory

what is peripheral resistance? what does it measure?

A

the opposition to flow
measures the amount of friction blood encounters w/ vessel walls

79
Q

blood vessels/circulatory

what are the 3 important sources/reasons of resistance?

A

1.) blood viscosity
2.) total blood vessel length
3.) blood vessel diameter

80
Q

blood vessels/circulatory

explain blood viscosity resistance goes up or down? provide an example

A

is how thick the blood is increase viscosity ↑ = increase resistance ↑
E.X = drinking smoothie out of straw, needs a lot of sucking b/c so thick

81
Q

blood vessels/circulatory

explain total blood vessel length resistance goes up or down?

A

longer the blood vessel↑ = the greater the resistance ↑

82
Q

blood vessels/circulatory

explain blood vessel diameter resistance goes up or down? what’s important about it?

A

if vasodilates (bigger diameter) ↑ = resistance decreases ↓
if vasoconstricts (smaller diameter) ↓ = resistance increases ↑
this has the greatest influence
major determinant = arterioles

83
Q

blood vessels/circulatory

which of the 3 sources has the greatest influence resistance & why?

A

blood vessel diameter b/c of small arterioles

84
Q

blood vessels/circulatory

In which one of the following blood pressure readings would the person be considered hypertensive?

A.) 140/90 mmHg
B.) 130/80 mmHg
C.) 120/70 mmHg
D.) 120/80 mmHg

A

A.) 140/90 mmHg

85
Q

blood vessels/circulatory

In which one of the following blood pressure readings would the person be considered hypotensive?

A.) 140/90 mmHg
B.) 120/70
C.) 90/60
D.) 120/80

A

C.) 90/60

86
Q

blood vessels/circulatory

The following are all factors which affect blood resistance, EXCEPT:

A.)Blood Oxygenation
B.) Total Blood Vessel Viscosity
C.) Blood Viscosity
D.) Blood Vessel Diameter

A

A.)Blood Oxygenation

87
Q

blood vessels/circulatory

Which of the following has the greatest influence on blood resistance?

A.) Blood Oxygenation
B.) Total Blood Vessel Viscosity
C.) Blood Vessel Diameter
D.)Blood Viscosity

A

C.) Blood Vessel Diameter

88
Q

blood vessels/circulatory

What effect does Blood Viscosity have on blood flow?

A.) higher viscosity, lower resistance
B.) higher viscosity, higher resistance
C.) lower viscosity, lower resistance
D.) lower viscosity, higher resistance

A

B.) higher viscosity, higher resistance

89
Q

blood vessels/circulatory

What effect does total blood vessel length have on blood flow?

A.) longer blood vessel, higher resistance
B.) shorter blood vessel, lower resistance
C.) longer blood vessel, lower resistance
D.) shorter blood vessel, higher resistance

A

A.) longer blood vessel, higher resistance

90
Q

blood vessels/circulatory

What effect does blood vessel diameter have on blood flow?

A.) diameter decrease, resistance decrease
B.) diameter increase, resistance increase
C.) diameter decrease, resistance increase
D.) Diameter increase, resistance decrease

A

D.) Diameter increase, resistance decrease

91
Q

lymphatic/immune

What is Innate(Inborn) Immunity?

A

immune defenses we’re born with

92
Q

lymphatic/immune

What is adaptive (Acquired) immunity?

A

immune defenses we adapt over time

93
Q

lymphatic/immune

What constitutes our First line of Defense?

A

physical & chemical barriers we are born with
E.X : physical = skin, mucous membranes, other (fluid, chemical, nose hairs, cilia)

94
Q

lymphatic/immune

What constitutes our second line of defense?

A

all internal defenses (when germs get in & what we do to them)

95
Q

lymphatic/immune

What is true about Innate immunity?

A.) It is nonspecific
B.) The body’s first line of defense against germs entering the body
C.) It has a 1st & 2nd line of defense
D.) All of the above

A

D.) All of the above

96
Q

lymphatic/immune

What is true about Adaptive Immunity?

A.) It is specific, systemic, & has memory
B.) The two main branches are humoral immunity & cellular immunity
C.) It is a defense system that eliminates almost any pathogen or abnormal cell in the body
D.)All of the above
E.) all of the above

A

E.) all of the above

97
Q

lymphatic/immune

Which of the following is classified as a first line of defense within innate immunity?

A.) mucous membranes & skin
B.) phagocytes
C.) inflammation
D.) fever

A

A.) mucous membranes & skin

98
Q

lymphatic/immune

Which of the following is classified as a second line of defense within innate immunity?

A.) phagocytes
B.) inflammation
C.) fever
D.) Natural Killer Cells
E.) all of the above

A

E.) all of the above

99
Q

respiratory

What are the Upper Respiratory Organs ? (3)

A

1.) nose/nasal cavity
2.)paranasal sinuses
3.)pharnyx

100
Q

respiratory

What are Lower Respiratory Organs? (4)

A

1.) larynx
2.) trachea
3.) bronchi & branches
4.) lungs & alveoli

101
Q

respiratory

what is respiratory zone?

A

the main site of gas exchange

102
Q

respiratory

name 4 organs of respiratory zone

A

1.) respiratory bronchioles
2.) alveolar ducts
3.) alveolar sacs
4.) alveoli

103
Q

respiratory

what is conducting zone?

A

organs that conduct air to the lungs

104
Q

respiratory

Name 7 organs of conducting zone

A

1.) nose
2.) pharynx
3.) larynx
4.) trachea
5.) bronchi
6.) bronchioles
7.) terminal bronchioles

105
Q

respiratory

what are the 4 processes of respiration?

A

1.) pulmonary ventilation (breathing)-movement of air in & out of the lungs
2.) external respiration-exchanging of O2 & CO2 between lungs & blood (gas exchange)
3.) transport-transport of O2 & CO2 in blood
4.) internal respiration-exchange of O2 & CO2 between systemic blood vessels & tissues

106
Q

respiratory

what is diffusion?

A

gases goes from areas from higher pressure —> to lower pressure

107
Q

respiratory

why does the pressure in the atmosphere have to be higher than the pressure in our lungs for us to take a breath?

A

b/c diffusion areas of high pressure go to lower pressure, so air will move from the area of higher pressure (atmosphere) to the area of lower pressure (lungs)

108
Q

respiratory

4 factors affecting pulmonary ventilation

A

1.) pressure differences– difference in pressure between atmosphere & pressure inside out body
2.) alveolar surface tension-always want to make sure alveolar have some air so they never fully collapse- surfactant helps prevent them from collapsing
3.) compliance of the lungs-how much “stretch” the lung has- high lung compliance = easier to expand the lungs
4.) airway resistance-decrease diameter of airway (constrict) = increase resistance = decrease gas flow- vice versa = dilate diameter (increase) = decrease resistance = increase gas flow

109
Q

respiratory

describe the process of exhalation, including the changes in volume and pressure that occur

A

diaphragm passively recoils back to its dome shape, which decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity
- this decrease in volume causes the volume inside the lungs to decrease, which in turn increases the pressure within the lungs, causing air to be expelled and allowing us to breathe out
- if we want to exhale more forcefully, we can use the abdominals and internal intercostal muscles
- these muscles work together to further decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity, increasing the pressure within the lungs and allowing us to exhale more forcefully

110
Q

respiratory

Inhalation describe process

A
  • pressure within our thoracic cavity decreases as a result of our muscles contracting to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity, according to Boyle’s Law
  • this decrease in pressure creates a pressure gradient between the air outside of our body and the air inside of our lungs, causing air to rush into our lungs, allowing us to inhale
111
Q

respiratory

All of the following are organs within the Lower Respiratory System (structural division) EXCEPT:

A.) Larynx
B.) Pharynx
C.) Alveoli
D.) Trachea

A

B.) Pharynx

112
Q

respiratory

_________ is one of the organs in the _______ zone where the main site of gas exchange occurs.

A.) Alveoli; Conducting Zone
B.) Alveoli; Respiratory Zone
C.) Trachea; Respiratory Zone
D.) Trachea; Conducting Zone

A

B.) Alveoli; Respiratory Zone

113
Q

respiratory

Which correctly lists the conducting zone structures in order of airflow:

A.) Nasal Cavity –> Larynx –> Pharynx –> Trachea –> Primary Bronchi –> Tertiary Bronchi –> Bronchioles –> Terminal Bronchioles
B.) Nasal Cavity –> Pharynx –> Larynx –> Trachea –> Primary Bronchi –> Tertiary Bronchi –> Bronchioles –> Terminal Bronchioles
C.) Respiratory Bronchioles –> Alveolar Ducts –> Alveolar Sacs –> Alveoli
D.) Respiratory Bronchioles –> Alveolar Sacs –> Alveolar Ducts –> Alveoli

A

B.) Nasal Cavity –> Pharynx –> Larynx –> Trachea –> Primary Bronchi –> Tertiary Bronchi –> Bronchioles –> Terminal Bronchioles

114
Q

respiratory

_________ is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between systemic blood vessels and tissues.

A.) Internal Respiration
B.) Pulmonary Ventilation
C.) External Respiration
D.) Inhalation

A

A.) Internal Respiration

115
Q

respiratory

During Exhalation, the Diaphragm __________ and the volume of the thoracic cavity ___________.

A.) Passively Recoils; Decreases
B.) Passively Recoils; Increases
C.) Actively Contracts; Decreases
D.) Actively Contracts; Increases

A

A.) Passively Recoils; Decreases

116
Q

respiratory

All of the following would INCREASE Pulmonary Ventilation (i.e. the movement of air into and out of the lungs) EXCEPT:

A.) Deep Breathing Exercises
B.) Decreased Lung Compliance
C.) None of these
D.) Decrease in Airway Resistance

A

B.) Decreased Lung Compliance

117
Q

respiratory

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________.

A.) Greater than the intra-alveolar pressure
B.) Less than the pressure in the atmosphere
C.) Greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
D.) Equal to the pressure in the atmosphere

A

C.) Greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

118
Q

respiratory

External Respiration, the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide across respiratory membranes is influenced by all of the following EXCEPT:

A.) Partial Pressure Gradients
B.) Thickness of Respiratory Membrane
C.) All of these are factors which influence external respiration
D.) Gas Solubilities

A

C.) All of these are factors which influence external respiration

119
Q

respiratory

At the level of the lungs, there is a _______ partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli versus a ______ partial pressure of oxygen in the pulmonary capillaries.

A.) High; High
B.) Low; High
C.) High; Low
D.) Low; Low

A

C.) High; Low

120
Q

respiratory

True or False: Air moves into the lungs when alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure.

A

TRUE

121
Q

respiratory

All of the following are factors which would affect Pulmonary Ventilation, EXCEPT:

A.) Alveolar Surface Tension
B.) Lung Compliance
C.) All of these would affect pulmonary ventilation
D.) Airway Resistance

A

C.) All of these would affect pulmonary ventilation

122
Q

digestive

what is segmentation in the intestines?

A

muscles in the small and large intestines contract and relax to mix and break down food w/ digestive juices to digest
Apart of mechanical breakdown

123
Q

digestive

what is peristalsis?

A

series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food along the digestive tract but it does not break down the food

124
Q

digestive

name 8 organs that make up the Alimentary Canal

A

1.) mouth
2.) pharynx
3.) esophagus
4.) stomach
5.) small intestine
6.) large intestine
7.) rectum
8.) anus

125
Q

digestive

name the 5 accessory digestive organs

A

1.) teeth
2.) tongue
3.) gallbladder
4.) salivary glands
5.) pancreas

126
Q

digestive

where does the digestion of carbohydrates begin?

A

begins in the mouth with salivary amylase

127
Q

digestive

where does the digestion of carbohydrates continue after the mouth?

A

continues in the small intestine with pancreatic amylase

128
Q

digestive

Where do carbohydrates get absorbed

A

The small intestine

129
Q

digestive

what is the final monomer it is absorbed as, where is it absorbed into

A

carbohydrates = monosaccharides
proteins = individual amino acids
lipids = fatty acids and glycerol

130
Q

digestive

where does the digestion of proteins begin?

A

begins in the stomach

131
Q

digestive

what is the final monomer that proteins are absorbed as?

A

proteins are absorbed as amino acids. Into blood stream

132
Q

digestive

where does the digestion of lipids begin?

A

digestion of lipids begins in the mouth by Lingual Lipase (minor) and - in the stomach by Gastric Lipase (minor).

133
Q

digestive

what is emulsification in the context of lipid digestion?

A

process of breaking down large fat globules into smaller droplets
allowing for easier digestion and absorption of fats
process is accomplished through the use of bile salts

134
Q

digestive

what are the 5 steps involved in breaking down fat into its monomer form, across the mucosal cell and into the lymphatic lacteal?

A

1.) Emulsification: Bile salts break down fat globules, coat them, and turn them into micelles.
2.) Micelle transport: The micelles cross the plasma membrane of the small intestine lining.
3.) Chylomicron formation: While crossing the membrane, lipids are converted back to triglycerides and packaged into chylomicrons.
4.) Chylomicron transport: The chylomicrons enter the lymphatic vessel.
5.) Conversion to monomer form: Once in the blood, the lipids are converted back to their monomer form.
Note: Steps 2-4 occur within the enterocyte (mucosal cell) of the small intestine.

135
Q

digestive

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

A

The fat-soluble vitamins are A, D, E, and K (ADEK).

136
Q

digestive

How are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

Fat-soluble vitamins are transported like lipids and require the presence of dietary fat for optimal absorption.

137
Q

digestive

What are the water-soluble vitamins?

A

The water-soluble vitamins are the B-complex vitamins (CB vitamins) and vitamin C.

138
Q

digestive

How are water-soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed by diffusion and are easily absorbed by the body.

139
Q

digestive

T or F: Peristalsis is the local constriction of the intestine which helps to mix food with digestive juices.

A

F

140
Q

digestive

Which tunic layer is responsible for segmentation and peristalsis?

A.) Muscularis Externa
B.) Submucosa
C.) Serosa
D.) Mucosa

A

A.) Muscularis Externa

141
Q

digestive

All of the following are organs which are part of the Alimentary Canal except?

A.) Gallbladder
B.) Esophagus
C.) Stomach
D.) Mouth

A

A.) Gallbladder

142
Q

digestive

The following are all accessory organs of the Digestive System

A.) Pancreas
B.) Gallbladder
C.) Large Intestine
D.) Liver

A

C.) Large Intestine

143
Q

digestive

Digestion of carbohydrates begins in the _________. The final state (monomer) in which carbohydrates can be absorbed is ___________.

A.) Mouth; Polysaccharide
B.) Mouth; Monosaccharide
C.) Small Intestine; Monosaccharide
D.) Small Intestine; Disaccharide

A

B.) Mouth; Monosaccharide

144
Q

digestive

When being absorbed, ___________ and _____________ macromolecules are absorbed into the bloodstream versus _____________ are first absorbed into the lymphatic system.

A.) Nucleic Acids & Lipids; Carbohydrates
B.) Carbohydrates & Proteins; Lipids
C.) Proteins & Lipids; Carbohydrates
D.) Carbohydrates & Lipids; Proteins

A

B.) Carbohydrates & Proteins; Lipids

145
Q

digestive

What is the result of mechanical digestion in the stomach?

A.) Salivary Amylase breaks down carbohydrates
B.) Acidic gastric juice activates lingual lipase
C.) Parietal cells secrete HCL
D.) Mixing creates chyme

A

D.) Mixing creates chyme

146
Q

digestive

A doctor consulting a patient that recently has had their gallbladder removed would likely advise ________.
A.) Eating a low protein diet
B.) Eating fewer, but larger meals
C.) Eating a low to no carb diet
D.) Eating foods that are low in fat

A

D.) Eating foods that are low in fat

147
Q

digestive

What is the clinical result when the stomach’s mucosal barrier becomes eroded?

A.) Gastritis
B.) Heartburn
C.) Gastric Ulcer
D.) Acid Reflux

A

C.) Gastric Ulcer

148
Q

digestive

Mucous Neck Cells

A.) Secretes pepsinogen and lipases
B.) Secretes thin, acidic mucous
C.) Secretes chemical messengers in the form of hormones
D.) Secretes HCL and intrinsic factor

A

B.) Secretes thin, acidic mucous

149
Q

digestive

Enteroendocrine Cells aka G Cells

A.) Secretes pepsinogen and lipases
B.) Secretes thin, acidic mucous
C.) Secretes HCL and intrinsic factor
D.) Secretes chemical messengers in the form of hormones

A

D.) Secretes chemical messengers in the form of hormones

150
Q

digestive

Chief Cells

A.) Secretes pepsinogen and lipases
B.) Secretes thin, acidic mucous
C.) Secretes HCL and intrinsic factor
D.Secretes chemical messengers in the form of hormones

A

A.) Secretes pepsinogen and lipases

151
Q

digestive

Parietal Cells

A.) Secretes thin, acidic mucous
B.) Secretes HCL and intrinsic factor
C.) Secretes chemical messengers in the form of hormones
D.) Secretes pepsinogen and lipases

A

B.) Secretes HCL and intrinsic factor

152
Q

digestive

All of the following are functions of the Mesentery, EXCEPT:

A.) Provides routes for blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves to travel
B.) Helps to anchor digestive organs
C.) Fat storage
D.) Provides lubrication between the parietal and visceral peritoneum

A

D.) Provides lubrication between the parietal and visceral peritoneum

153
Q

digestive

In the case of _______ the issue is that chyme and feces passes too quickly through the intestines and as a result, not enough water or nutrients are absorbed in the body.

A.) Diarrhea
B.) Indigestion
C.) Constipation
D.) Impaction

A

A.) Diarrhea

154
Q

digestive

All of the following are fat-soluble vitamins which will be absorbed with lipids in micelles, EXCEPT:

A.) Vitamin E
B.) All of these are fat soluble
C.) Vitamin K
D.) Vitamin D

A

B.) All of these are fat soluble

A & P II Lecture (21 decks)

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